When breeding Sonja fan should strive to get their high quality, healthy offspring. To do this, right on time to pick up a male and a female, and prepare them for reproduction. First of all, animals have to be fed, but not fatted. The degree of fatness of animals can be installed in appearance: by feeling and by weighing. As shown, among females too stodgy growing number of dysfunctional labor - more stillbirths and weak calves. Out fed animals bring small litters, pups born typically small, weak and underdeveloped.

Selection of male and female dormice

Young animals for breeding is best to choose from multiple year old dairy and healthy females. Male and female should have good appearance, shiny coat, with well-defined color and contrast. Only such animals can transmit to posterity good hereditary qualities.

Sexual activity in males is different, it depends on hereditary characteristics, feeding and age. Good, nutrition positively affects the activity of males and females. In addition, males have participated in mating, covering more females than young males. Sometimes it happens that the female is in the hunt, but secured her male can not cover it. In this case, the females take a seat over active male.

In preparing couples should consider age animals. If young females may be covered by males of all ages, young males require a special approach. Power couples consisting of young males and females over the age of two years less than in pairs with odnovikovymy partners.

anatomy uterus Female genitalia, Selection of male and female dormice

It also happens creatures matched by age, but they do not mate and do not generate offspring. What measures in this case can be done? The first few days, the animals should be kept in the same cell, separated by a transparent partition. The same method of separation can be done if a male with a female come often quarrel. After two or three weeks of separation wall divides the cell is removed, and the creatures usually mate. 

The easiest way to make a couple of young animals. Often before their transplant with total cells they form pairs that are in the best relationship with each other. Sony can live together until the last days of life.It is also important to never forget that the beast that lives a long time alone, considers himself "master" cells and almost always tries to protect its territory from invasion stranger, even if he belongs to the opposite sex.

Selection of male and female dormice, dog estrus

Before pairing in mature females appear estrus and hunting. Estrus - period of sexual excitement is animal that comes with a certain cycle. During estrus was repeated several times and lasts 2 - 5 days. This picture is complicated by pregnancy. In addition, during the breeding season depends on climatic conditions and seasons. Periods of increased sex drive and most successful mating females with males continue to Sonja after waking from hibernation with a peak in mid-summer. The onset time of mating can be easily determined by the behavior of animals. Sonia become extremely active males observed courting a female, he chases her around the cage, often loud and makes sounds. During mating the female poor appetite, she is always looking for something, throwing food.

Hunting - a part of the heat, which increases the willingness of females "to mate. During estrus the maturation of the follicle and ovulation in the birth canal - physiological and morphological changes that contribute to the promotion of sperm, fertilization and embryo consolidation in uterine horn. In the ready to mate females and males, external genitals become more noticeable swell and turn pink. The male stands out sharply penis that is big enoughdistance from the anus. The female gender gap is almost beside the anus and well marked.

Period hunt define relationships with females and males. If the female is in the hunt, and the male is not ready to mate, she goes after him, sniffs it, then escapes from the male or discourages it sounds and grin.

estrous cycle Sexual cycle in animals, Selection of male and female dormice

The process of pairing Sonja usually watch fails. Within an hour, going up to 15-20 acts mating.Meanwhile capture this concept as accurately as possible. For this purpose you need to carefully inspect the cage in the morning with animals. Fact mating animals can learn by circumstantial evidence - in the cage you can sometimes find pieces of wool, as well as in females does not occur the next estrus. This feature often shows her pregnancy. Females can stay with a male as long as no pregnant. As soon as the signs of pregnancy, you need to otsadit prepared for growing young cage.

Selection of male and female dormice

Reserves have a very long time. At the dawn of the history of human society existed "sacred" places where hunting is banned, fish catching and logging where animals, birds and fish could safely withdraw offspring. In those days, when hunting and fishing were the most important, and often the only source human existence, from the conservation of protected sites intact well-being depended on, and sometimes just life.

Later, in the era of feudalism, the preserves largely lost its original meaning. In most countries in Europe, Asia and Africa, they have to serve the interests of the rulers or of the church and began to reserves, which protected only certain types of animals. There were many sanctuaries in ancient India, China and Egypt. In the Middle Ages in our country were "custom location "- Bialowieza Forest, where bison protected, and" Seven Islands "in the Murmansk coast, where the protected nesting hunting falcons for the royal hunt.

With the development of capitalism grew indiscriminate deforestation, animals, birds,fish - all natural resources that could bring money. Especially savagely exterminated them in the conquered countries and colonies. Yes, with unprecedented brutality colonizers destroyed the bison in America, elephants, rhinos and antelope in Africa and Asia. One hundred years ago disappeared most forests in Europe were exterminated many species of large animals and birds. This general impoverishment of nature has alarmed scientists, progressive community and government leaders. The emerging movement for the protection of nature. To keep animals in many countries were organized reserves.

One of the first among them was Yellowstone National Park in North America (1872). Behind him were the national parks in Europe, hunting reserves in Asia and Africa, reserves in Russia. Organization of protected areas affect the interests of private landowners, because it was carried out with great difficulty. In Tsarist Russia before the revolution was only a few reserves, mostly private. In capitalist countries, this reason makes their organization now. Often reserves owned by private individuals, companies 

Antelopes in the reserve Vars-Kelmes (Kazakh SSR), Wildlife and nature conservation, animal in world  

or associations, and the creation of national parks sometimes pursued aim to get as much profit from tourists.In our country, the ratio of reserves to the radically changed only after the October Revolution, which abolished private ownership of land. Before the reserves were set and new, wider task. At first regulations and decrees, signed by Lenin, they say, that the reserves - national treasure designed exclusively for solving scientific and technical problems.The main objective of reserves - preserving samples (models) typical or rare areas of nature with all kinds of plants and animals that inhabit them. The nature reserve all kinds without exception as part of the natural complex of natural and precious gene pool: create it again impossible, but it can be very fit man. In fact, using the genetic features previously "useless" species, managed to get gigantic colossi Mexican wheat varieties viroustoychivye, beautiful Dutch tulips, etc. More recently, poisonous snakes considered definitely harmful, and now their guard to get the poison that treats people from many ailments. Even mold become a powerful tool in modern medicine they give us antibiotics. Who will undertake to predict what other organisms considered harmful today will not continue to be a source of health or human welfare?

Reserves in our country, as in other countries reserves and national parks, organized primarily where there still remained a rare and valuable species of animals, birds, other animals or plants. Yes, Voronezh Reserve was organized to protect one of the last settlements beavers, has more than 20 animals. Only 10 years beavers colonized all suitable places in the reserve, and settled outside the protected area. In subsequent years, nearly 3 thousand beavers from Voronezh Reserve were imported and released in 26 regions of the USSR.By the time of Barguzin reserve at lake there lived no more than 20-30 sables that hiding from hunters to reach stony placers. sable After 15 years, occupied the whole protected taiga, about 150 animals per year began to leave its borders and spread to Transbaikalia. In years preceding the organization Astrakhan Nature Reserve in the Volga delta, egrets, pelicans and gray geese were almost completely destroyed. There 

are thousand, nest in trees, countless islands and sandy shallows.

In Lapland tundra on the Kola Peninsula, remained little more than 100 wild reindeer. In our time in Lapland preserve their more 20 thousand livestock Caucasian mountain goats - Tours in the Caucasus Reserve has increased 12-fold, Caucasian deer - 20 times, recovered 

almost extinct bison, etc.

The colony of Black headed gull, Reserve Barca-Kelmes, Wildlife and nature conservation, animal in world  

Ussuri tiger survived thanks mainly Sikhote-Alynskomu reserve in the Far East, Asiatic wild ass (wild ass) - Badhyz-sky reserve in Turkmenistan, Bukhara (Tugay-tion) deer - Reserve Tajikistan. Tens of millions of wintering ducks, swans, geese and other waterfowl birds find refuge in the reserves of the Caspian Sea. Recall and the protected groves of yew, boxwood, original nut forests of Tien Shan, pistachio forests of Turkmenistan and many other rare plants and certain types of plants, preserved by the reserve.

Similar values ​​have reserves and national parks abroad. Yes, thanks to Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. and a huge national park Wood Buffalo in Canada managed to keep buffalo. These rare and rare animals like rhinoceros and Indian latnaya deer barasinha, preserved mainly in the Kaziranga National Park in India. The latest in the world of Asian lions live only in the Mountain Forest Reserve (India). Nowhere is there more Javanese rhinoceros also reserve Udzhunh Pendant-west of the island of Java in Indonesia. Famous national parks and reserves in Africa (Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Tsavo, Murchison Falls, Kruger and others) owe their existence elephants, hippos, giraffes, zebras and countless antelope. Special reserves protect great apes: gorillas and chimpanzees - in Africa and orangutan in Asia.

Feature reserves the USSR is that they not only protect animals and plants and reduced the number of rare ones: reserves in our country - a scientific institution. What and how to learn in the reserves? Botanists, zoologists, geographers, foresters, soil scientists and other specialties for many years exploring the laws that govern the life of natural systems (biogeocoenoses ecosystems) in protected areas. It allows to evaluate the effects of human activities on the adjacent reserve areas. Such studies answer the question: how fuller and better use of the natural wealth of a landscape? To address this complex issue is taken into account the number of animals might cause, determine the value of the harvest of wild plants, finally, a detailed study ecology of individual species of animals and plants.

Vizon, National Park Wood Buffalo (Canada), Wildlife and nature conservation, animal in world    

It was in the reserves found out what feeds sable and how much to feed him when he multiplies as sable survives for a year as sable tied to a particular area ^ etc. On the basis 

of these data recovery techniques have been developed number of valuable fur-bearing animals and based standards hunting for him. In the reserves were developed scientific methods of recovery of elk, antelope and other animals and the ways of their rational use. Here we study how to restore pine forests, biological control measures of pests and other issues of rational use of natural resources. therefore, reserves are laboratories for the protection of nature.

Kulan, Reserve Badhyz (Turkmen SSR), Wildlife and nature conservation, animal in world  

In the Soviet Union on January 1, 1972 was 92 reserve total area of more than 7 million hectares. Often one reserve is 30-70 hectares, but the area of Altai, Baikal and Pechora-Ilychskoho reserves - by 700-800 thousand hectares. The number of reserves from year to year. In addition to reserves in the Soviet Union long existed sanctuaries. Here a number of years in certain seasons or year-round protected by certain types of animals or plants, and the remaining natural resources, such as forests or grasslands, use restricted. Often reserves are established in areas of spawning fish, breeding or wintering birds, etc. In the USSR, about 2 thousand of these reserves for various purposes. In addition, we have 10 regular game-preserves farms (Crimea, Azov-Sivashskoe, Bialowieza Forest, and others.) In these farms for the protection of all natural complex organized regularly hunt deer, wild boar and other animals that are threatened by a large number of normal existence of the forest.

Hippos, residents of African water bodies, preserved only through 

the reserve, Wildlife and nature conservation, animal in world  

There is in us and protected "monuments of nature": some caves, ancient trees, geysers etc. Organized parks, such as national parks in other countries. Target them - conservation, but also they are designed for mass tourists.In our time, when a man armed with more and more advanced technology, quickly develops themselves seemed inaccessible parts of the world, especially the importance of reserves. Not accidentally, the more the population, intensive industrial production and agriculture, the greater the relative area of protected areas. But remember that the reserves are not the only form of conservation. Conservancy in the modern sense - it is above all sensible use of natural

resources. Used wisely - means enable nature to restore, fill taken man. Wood has a remarkable ability to grow, fish, birds, animals - to multiply. Strictly necessary to protect these regenerative capacity of nature. Keeping fry and young people can dramatically improve catch full of large fish. Privacy elk, saiga antelope and other wild ungulates during reproduction leads to the rapid growth of their livestock as a result you can get many thousands of tons of good meat, soft skin and a medicinal plant.

It should also be remembered that nature - is a complex in which all phenomena are very closely intertwined and determine one another. For successful conservation must take into account these relationships. It is known that deforestation in the watersheds and along rivers, creeks plowing lead to shallowing water and dirt, and due to improper grazing 

pastures with sandy soils become barren deserts. Sometimes it is extremely difficult to predict the changes that may occur when a person makes the entire area, changing the water regime of rivers in weight destroys predators and pests. For example, the use of pesticides in forests caused by them not only the extermination of pests, disappeared and useful animals in the forests, fields and even in rivers. Soon pests that were previously "under pressure" these useful animals, gave a new, even greater numbers flash on throughout the district. In order to avoid such consequences of intervention in the life of the natural environment, we have a very good knowledge of the relationship of the natural processes in the natural landscape. Development of scientific bases of conservation and restoration of natural resources based on knowledge of these processes are also involved in reserves.

Seagulls-moevky on rookery, Reserve "Seven Islands" (Murmansk 

region),Wildlife and nature conservation, animal in world  

Due to the unprecedented scale of the use and processing of natural resources, there was another important issue: how to protect our environment environment from pollution? Indeed, in many industrial and densely populated countries dumping of industrial and domestic water in the river made ​​them unfit for life. In some countries, the oxygen consumed more than give its green plants on their territory. Heavily contaminated were many areas of the oceans. Development of new technologies, in which water after use cleaned and used again now (closed cycle), improvement of filters that purify the gaseous discharge of industrial enterprises, etc. - all of which is essential to the protection of nature and health. After forest - is not only a certain number cubic meters of wood, fur source, mushrooms, berries, and also one of the main sources of oxygen. Clean rivers need not only for navigation and generate electricity, but also as an environment for living fish as a source of drinking water. Nature inexhaustible means healthy people. It is impossible to overestimate the aesthetic value of nature. Millennia it inspires creativity greatest thinkers, poets, musicians and artists. Love to mother nature - a source of patriotism. We guarded nature for people to man the present day and future generations.

Wildlife and nature conservation, animal in world

Common symptoms of arthropods (Arthropoda) - limb, consisting of several segments. Their body is also divided into segments and covered with a strong shell of chitin and calcium carbonate. 

Arthropods

ancient animal. The most reliable data on which to judge the origin of certain groups of animals, provide research resources fossils of organisms or their impressions. From Cambrian sediments known crustaceans, some of them are modern troops from the Silurian period known relatives Xiphosura and even scorpions in the Devonian sediments were found remains nohohvostok. Type arthropods includes 13 classes, among which the most well known: Crustaceans (Crustacea) Merostomovye (Merostomata) Arachnids or arachnids (Arachnida). In crustacean body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen.However, this division has various options. For example, biologists distinguish zhabronohyh, copepods, usonohyh and higher crustaceans.

Merostomovye

very ancient marine animals. Present there are only five species. They semicircular tops and long, sharp tail needle (hence their other name - Xiphosura). In the shell are five pairs of walking legs, followed by the gills.

In arachnids body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen. They have four pairs of legs that grow from the cephalothorax. Instead of the typical insect facet eye to eye built as simple points and record only the movement and the difference in illumination. Spiders live mostly on land. Biologists distinguish scorpions, spiders, mites and hay.

Myriapoda

His nadklas have centipedes (Myriapoda). In these animals several segments merged and formed the head capsule. It connected elongated, divided into segments body. Some centipedes are interconnected segments, each provided with a pair of limbs. In other centipedes segments fused in pairs, every segment marked these sit two pairs of legs.

Common symptoms of arthropods

The basis of prevention of domestic non-communicable diseases are a full feeding, optimal indoor climate, systematic exercise, rational use of chemical and microbiological synthesis, timely monitoring of metabolism and animal health.
Nutritious feeding involves a diet that would ensure the animals in need of energy, major nutrients and biologically active substances.
Many diseases associated with insufficient or excess energy, protein, mineral and vitamin nutrition. The higher productivity of animals, the greater should be the concentration of energy per 1 kg of dry matter intake. Lack of power supply leads to poor absorption of food substances, reproductive disorders, development of malnutrition, reducing the natural resistance of the organism. To eliminate energy deficit in the diets of animals injected cereal concentrates, roots, potatoes, fats of animal and vegetable origin.
Excessive energy food leads to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and other pathologies.With a lack or excess of protein or amino acid composition of inferiority by declining productivity and reproductive function, disturbed metabolism and osteodystrophy develops dystrophy, reduced milk yield (hypogalactition) appear immune disorders, reduced natural resistance, is born defective offspring, increasing incidence ( diarrhea, pneumonia, gastritis, etc.) animals.Eliminate protein deficiency by typing in rations vysokoproteynovyh forage: grain legumes, meal, feed, hay legumes, meat, meat-and-bone or fish meal.

Lack of protein in diets eliminated to some extent by the inclusion of fodder yeast concentrate nitrogen-phosphorus feed (ROS), concentrate feed CS-3 supplements "Belotin" feed additives from waste raw hides.Excess protein in the diet leads to digestive disorders and metabolic degeneration of endocrine organs, liver, kidneys, heart, ketosis, obesity, urine acid diathesis, etc. In excess protein most susceptible ruminants, as most of the protein in the rumen is broken down to form ammonia, an excess of which enters the bloodstream and has toxic effects on the function of the major organs and systems.
With a lack of macro-and micronutrients disturbed metabolism appear osteodystrophy, rickets, endemic goiter, hipokobaltoz, anemia and many other diseases.As a drawback, and excess minerals affects the body of the animal.
In the diet should contain the necessary amount of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, iron, cobalt, iodine, zinc and other trace elements. With a lack of them added to the hay, concentrates, hay, etc. Minerals added in feed premixes.
The need for animals in minerals depends on many factors, primarily on the relationship between the individual elements of the exchange, levels of absorption and excretion, the ability to accumulate in the body, their chemical nature.Vitamins are essential for maintaining normal functioning of the body, growth of animals, high performance and reproductive function. The lack of even a single vitamin in the diet causes functional disturbances in metabolism.
For ruminants normalized: carotene, vitamins A, D, E. For vitamin food rationing pigs are the most important vitamins A, D, E, water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B12. Lack of B vitamins in the diet eliminate inclusion of feed of animal origin (milk, whey, skimmed, buttermilk, fish, meat and bone meal and grass, meat, yeast propyonovo-atsedofilnoe bulonnoy culture - PABA, etc. etc.).
Animal health is largely dependent on the quality of feed and water control which relies on veterinary specialists.Disease prevention is ensured optimal microclimate in the premises where the animal, consisting of temperature, humidity, air velocity, dust, noise production, gas composition of air, light, microorganisms, and so forth It is known that the performance of the animals by 20% determined optimal microclimate. In flagrant violation of the microclimate in these areas, especially in early spring and late autumn, increased morbidity and mortality of young, emerging widespread gastrointestinal and pulmonary diseases.

General measures to prevent domestic non-communicable diseases

Urolithiasi

Dogs Urinary Symptoms urinary stones disease

educated urinary stones in kidney tissue, pelvis, bladder or his detention in the lumen of the ureter, urethra. Education urolytov ceased to be subject to the result of disorders that contribute pretsypytatsyy crystals in the urine.

Symptoms

The clinical picture of the disease depends on staying urinary stones, their size, surface condition and is podvyzhnosty.
The main symptoms of urinary stones is pain and hematuria. Pain may be constant and sometimes manifested by sharp attacks of colic. Urination frequent and painful. In Education stone in renal pelvis symptoms characteristic for pielita and subsequent pyelonephritis.
At this time, the disease may increase body is 0.5 - 1.00 C. In urine too many inorganic precipitation, protein, leukocytes, epithelium of the renal pelvis, microorganisms. Appears frequent painful urination, prerыvaemoe false pozыvamy.
When occlusion urinary tract disease manifests classic triad of symptoms: urinary colics, violation of the act of urination and changes in the composition of urine. May cause rupture of the bladder, peritonitis and death at 2-3 days after obturation.

Prevalence

Dogs and cats often obsleduyutsya through displays signs of diseases of the lower urinary tract, including hematuria, dysuria, pollakyuryyu, incontinence and inappropriate urination. Review data received from the Veterinary Medical Data Base between 1980 and 1995, found that the prevalence of diseases of the lower urinary tract in dogs was 3.0% in cats between 1980 and 1990 the prevalence of diseases of the lower urinary tract was 7.3.% These diseases are more common in dogs older than 4 years, and cats from the first year to 10 years.

Etiology

 urinary stones disease 

Not yet understood. It is believed that the formation of urinary stones in most cases caused by a violation of the regulation of salt metabolism of the central nervous system due to improper, uniform feeding, hypo-and hyperavytamynozov.
One of the leading factors of urinary stones education - a violation of the basic relationship between acid equivalents feed. In the formation of stones in dogs and cats play an important role microorganisms (staphylococci, streptococci, Proteus)
Kamneobrazovanye often caused by the use of various medicinal substances.
On the other hand, are important in the formation of stones is excessive use of feeds rich in phosphates. Factors kamneobrazovanyya are long periodic stagnation of urine alkalinization followed her, the precipitation of salts and the formation of concretions.
Factors that complicate the course of the disease may be relatively small diameter of the urethra in cats, especially castrated at an early age.
Impaction, mucosal lesions of urinary stones accompanied by stagnation of urine penetration into the urinary tract ascending line of secondary infection, resulting in growing catarrhal-purulent inflammation of the bladder (urotsystyt), renal pelvis and kidney (pyelonephritis). Animals dying from uremia (obstruction of the urethra).
Over the last 15-20 years, the frequency struvytnoho urolytyaza decreased, and the frequency oxalate urolytyaza uvelychylas.

Etiopathogenesis

male and female urogenital system urinary stones disease

Education urolytov calcium oxalate occurs when urine is supersaturated with calcium oxalate i. Additional risk factors for education is urolytov breed, sex, age and diet. Once forming urolyta once started, the focus must remain in the urinary tract, and conditions should facilitate further pretsypytatsyy minerals and growth urolytov. So, for formyroanyya calcium oxalate urine calcium must be peresыschena i oxalic acid (atsyduryya). Abnormalities in the balance between the concentration in urine kalkulohennыh substances (calcium and oxalic acid) and inhibitors of crystallization (including citrate, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and / or potassium) associated with the initiation and growth urolytov calcium oxalate. In addition to these violations activity of ions, proteins with high molecular weight, which in urine, such as nefrokaltsyn, uropontyn and mukoproteiny have influence on the formation of calcium oxalate. The role of these macromolecular inhibitors and ionic calcium oxalate formation has not been studied in cats.

Etiological risk factors

Hypercalciuria

Hypercalciuria is assumed as a risk factor, but not necessarily the cause of education urolytov calcium oxalate in cats. It may be the result of excessive calcium absorption in the intestines, impaired renal reabsorption of calcium and / or excessive mobilization of calcium from the intestine (rezorbtyvnaya).Consumption cats diet enriched zakyslytelem urine ammonium chloride associated with increased excretion of calcium through metabolic acidosis.Metabolic acidosis promotes bone reorganization (the release of calcium from bone as a buffer) and increasing the concentration of ionized calcium in the blood, which leads to increased urinary calcium excretion and decreased tubular reabsorption of calcium. Although excessive calcium intake may lead to hypercalciuria, human studies have refuted this fact.

HYPEROKSALURYYA

Increased excretion of oxalic acid in the urine may lead to formation of calcium oxalate. Hyperoksaluryya was found in cats who consume a diet deficient in vitamin B6, and in the group of cats with reduced number of hepatic D-hlytserat dehydrogenase.

VIOLATION inhibitors and PROMOUTEROV

Urine is a solution that contains many substances that may inhibit or promote the formation and growth of crystals. Some inhibitors, such as citrate, magnesium and pyrophosphate to form soluble salts with calcium or oxalic acid, thus reducing the availability of calcium or oxalic acid pretsypytatsyy.Other inhibitors are makromolekulyarnыmy proteins, such as Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and nefrokaltsyn that affect the ability of calcium and oxalic acid combined, thereby minimizing the formation and growth of crystals. Other substances may promote urinary calcium oxalate. The role of any of these inhibitors and promoters has been investigated thoroughly.

Performance risk urolytyaza

Dogs Urinary Symptoms urinary stones disease

Relative supernasыschenye (BSP), also called the work activity of the product, the mathematical term used to describe the concentration of minerals in the urine and the amount of energy available for education urolytov. Other factors influencing the level of relative supernasыschenyya are: urine pH, temperature and ionic strength. One of the most important factors determining the concentration of minerals - a volume of urine. Well hydrated diet promotes the formation of a separated urine, which causes the relative supernasыschenyya less than 1, although the content of minerals. Indeed, one of the most affordable ways to reduce the risk urolytyaza in cats just increased water consumption. Studies have shown that cats eat canned food, produce more urine volume (and therefore more diluted urine) than animals eat dry food.Many companies that produce therapeutic diets claim that the level of BSP less than 1 indicates that the urine or form crystals or stones. Indeed, the level of BSP less than 1 indicates that the urine nenasыschennaya and the likelihood of small stones. Canned diets of many companies is a lot of moisture, so that the animal consumes a high amount of water, because cats should consume plenty of water to ensure the flow of energy processes. However, it turns out that the buyer pays mostly water.

BSP and PDA

Reflects whether BSP tendency to form urolytov? One indicator BSP can not adequately describe the tendency to feed or protect education in formation of crystals in the urine. BSP does not consider the contribution of inhibitors and substances that contribute to the formation of stones (promoterov) in this process in animal urine. Because of this, many scientists use index, known as the ratio of activity product (PDA), which assesses the contribution of diet in the tendency to form stones in the urine. Hill `s paraphrased the rate on the index risk kamneobrazovanyya (IGC) and" uses in its research and production diets.
PDA took a step further than in BSP as take into account the role of inhibitors and promoterov on krystalyzatsyyu in urine. PDA determines the attitude of BSP before and after incubation of urine with precipitant. Using this figure, we can reliably throw in case crystals tend to further krystalyzatsyy and where to dissolving in each urine sample. And this really true definition of slash!
Levels of BSP and PDA is not always the only indications of risk education crystals in some urine. For example, people have a pretty high rate of BSP for calcium oxalate, but in all these rocks formed. At the same time, urine with low levels of BSP (

urinary stones disease cats and dog, Urolithiasis in animal

General therapy includes rules and treatments designed to eliminate the causal factors of disease, normalization of metabolism, renewal of the functions of individual organs and systems, productive and reproductive traits of animals.Private therapy combines treatments for specific diseases.Modern therapy based on principles fiziolohichnosti, activity, integrated and cost-effectiveness.

Principle fiziolohichnosti treatment provided primarily creating optimal conditions of feeding and maintenance, the use of diet, use of funds, regulating neurotrophic functions and normalize metabolism.It is necessary that the funds used to treat not suppressed and stimulated and regulated protective physiological response.The principle of active treatment implemented radical elimination of etiological factors, the use of the most efficient tools and treatments. Active therapy is useful only if it is based on the mobilization of the physiological mechanisms by which the body is protected from malicious agents.The principle involves the use of adjuvant therapy based treatment regimens using the methods and means to eliminate external and internal causes of disease, the creation of optimal conditions and feeding animals using causal, pathogenetic, stimulating and other types of therapy.The principle of economic feasibility based on the fact that ultimately treatment of farm animals must be economically justified.

Fundamentals of general therapy animals

Diet therapy

the use of fodder for therapeutic purposes. By varying the quality and quantity of forage in the diet can alter metabolism, and hence control of physiological processes in the body.

Adult ruminants dietary foods are good hay grasses, hay cutting, barley, oats, corn middlings, fodder roots, carrots, mash of bran, green forage, concentrates on cereals.

For young ruminants in milk during dietary foods are dairy products: acidophilus milk, boiled linseed, rice-water, oatmeal pudding, yogurt, mare's milk, yogurt, etc. In the older age prescribed mash of bran, barley and oat middlings, melkostebelchatoe hay, milk, fresh whey. For sheep and goats using hay, green forage, concentrates, for horses - a nice soft hay, oats, bran mash with, for pigs - mash of boiled potatoes, concentrates, grass meal, green food, and dog fur animals - fresh ground meat, cheese, liver, broth, soups, jelly, cereals, cheese, milk, grated apples, for birds - oatmeal or millet porridge, cheese, yogurt, boiled eggs, buttermilk, parsley.A diet enriched with vitamins, amino acids, macro-and microelements, enzymes, etc. For better eating feed and digestibility of nutrients resort to germination, roasting, mixing with warm water, osalazhivaniyu, drizhdzhuvannya and other methods of training.

Causal therapy

a method of applying therapeutic agents aimed at eliminating or weakening of the reasons that caused the disease, destruction of infectious or parasitic diseases, pathogenic, and other putrefactive microflora.By causal therapy include: antibacterial, anthelmintic remedies specific hyperimmune serum, bacteriophages and other drugs.

Pathogenetic therapy

treatment aimed at restoring impaired functions of various organs and systems.Purposeful action on pathogenesis accompanied by weakening or eliminating the impact of etiologic factors. This is achieved by using diet, symptomatic or replacement therapy.To immunosuppressive therapy include: natural or artificial radiation, water treatment, warming packs, massage, electro, annoying money, drugs that stimulate the function of organs and tissues (expectorant, laxative, diuretic, cholagogue, cordial, etc.). To immunosuppressive therapy are some therapeutic techniques (gastric lavage, enemas, piercing scar and books, bladder catheterization, phlebotomy, etc.).Of the group of nonspecific stimulant therapy in veterinary practice widely used serotherapy, hematherapy, lizatoterapiyu, poly-and gamma-hlobulinoterapiyu, tissue therapy.

Fundamentals of general therapy animals

Symptomatic therapy

treatment aimed at eliminating or weakening of adverse symptoms. As an independent method is not applicable, as the removal of any symptom (eg, cough, pain, diarrhea) is not an indicator of recovery. This method is used primarily in conjunction with pathogenetic therapy.By means of symptomatic therapy include: fever, sedatives, neuroleptics, astringent, analgesic, heart and other drugs.Although symptomatic agents do not eliminate the cause of the disease, they improve the patient's condition, restore organ function, provide faster recovery animals.

vidshkoduvalnym therapy

a method aims at filling the missing ingredient in the body to its normal functioning. It is prescribed for deficiency in the animal vitamins, enzymes, hormones, essential amino acids, macro-and micronutrients and other substances and fluids (blood, saline, gastric juice, hydrochloric acid, etc.). Under the influence of therapy vidshkoduvalniy metabolism, restored the function of individual organs and systems, recovery occurs animals.Therapy regulating neurotrophic function involves the use of drugs to eliminate the pathological process by affecting the nervous system. In veterinary practice method conventionally divided in two lines of action: preferential effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and the autonomic nervous system.

Fundamentals of general therapy animals

Pharmacological agents that act on the central nervous system, used for lesions of the brain and spinal cord. When meningitis and encephalitis used hypnotics and sedatives, with nervousness and stress - bromides, neyroplehichni and sedative drugs (chlorpromazine, stressnil, propazyn).To regulate the functions of the autonomic nervous system in internal diseases shown novocaine blockade: stellate sympathetic nodes - with pneumonia; sympathetic trunks - acute gastro-intestinal diseases; perirenal novocaine blockade - for flatulence intestine in horses.

Fundamentals of general therapy animals

Recently the Board of Veterinary Medicine of Virginia revised the practice act to allow Licensed Veterinary Technicians to suture skin incisions and wounds. Technicians are now expected to become competent in this skill. Certainly not every veterinarian will expect technicians to suture, but it is a valuable skill. Be sure to check with the state you practice in, as regulations for each state varies.

Suture materials: 

Wounds have been "sutured" for at least 2500 years. In ancient times lacerations were pulled together with hair, leather and small bones. Gut suture (using the intestines of animals) has been used for about 2000 years, and remains popular today. Galen is credited with the first reference to catgut in 175 AD. Natural fibers such as leather, flax, and cotton were improved until synthetic sutures emerged from polymer technology.The perfect suture has not yet been developed. The ideal suture should be: 

A) Strong 

B) Non-reactive in tissue 

C) Non-slipping (hold knots) 

D) Easy to handle 

E) Inexpensive.

Suture materials have been classified in various ways including:

1)Absorption 

2)Construction 

3)Composition

4) non-absorbable (remains strong 60 days+) 

5) monofilament 

6) natural materials

7) absorbable (body will dissolve in <60 days) braided

8) twisted

9) sheathed 

10) synthetics

Common sutures used in veterinary medicine

A) Natural products: 

includes rarely used products like cotton, linen, and kangaroo tendon, as well as the following:

1) Silk: Silk is produced by silkworms and is non-absorbable

a) A very flexible (limp) suture and has no "memory," considered the easiest to handle of all.

b) Used often in neurology and ophthalmology 

2) Chromic gut: Gut made from the intestines of sheep and cattle. It is usually treated with chromic acid to decrease its’ tissue reactivity. Gut comes in various grades depending on the amount of treatment with chromic acid. General information regarding gut sutures:

a) It is very reactive will often cause inflammation at site of use

b) It has a wide range of absorption times (3-40 days) depending upon the amount of treatment with chromic acid.

c) Gut suture is not used to close the skin 

d) It is inexpensive compared to other suture.

e) It swells and extra knots are required to prevent slipping of the knot

B) Metal: 

Stainless steel (an alloy) is sometimes used in skin to prevent the patient from chewing out the suture line

1) It is non-reactive

2) It is difficult to handle and can cause perforations in gloves

C) Some synthetics: 

Very popular for both skin and deep sutures trade name material/source absorption rate use

1) Vetafil / Braunamid :nylon /non-absorbable /skin primarily

2) PDS II:polydioxanone /slow absorption /wide range/skin/eye etc

3) Dexon: polyglyolic acid /absorbable /wide range

4) Vicryl :polyglactin /slow absorption /urinary, intestines

5) Prolene :polypropylene /non-absorbable/ within body cavity

D) Braided versus monofilament suture: 

Braided suture may be a nidus of infection, i.e. bacteria may lodge within the braid and become the source of an infection.

E) Sizing and strength of suture materials: 

1) 6-0 is "hair-like" used for delicate surgery, i.e. ophthalmology and vascular

2) 2-0 & 3-0 is the most commonly used in small animals

3) 2-0 has an approximate tensile strength of 4 lbs.

4) 1 has an approximate tensile strength of 7.5 lbs.

Relative size of different sutures, Suture materials and patterns in animal

F) Packaging of suture:

1) Most veterinarians now use individually wrapped packages of sterile suture, often with a needle already attached (swaged on).

2) Suture is also supplied on a roll inside a container of sterile preservative. Individual lengths of suture can be cut as needed as needed from the roll.

Suture materials and patterns in animal

3) Suture is also supplied on large bulk rolls (non-sterile) various lengths can be cut, packaged and sterilized.

Suture Needles: 

There are over 100 shapes of needles used on different organs or for various procedures. Needles are made of stainless steel and are strong but somewhat flexible and will bend before breaking.Needles are classified by:

A) Shape of needle:

1) Straight

2) Ski or semi-curved, the curve is only at the pointed end of the needle

3) Curved: The curve can range from ¼ to 5/8 circle, the more curved a needle the deeper penetration.

curved a needle, Suture materials and patterns in animal

B) Tip:

 The tip determines how the needle will penetrate tissue. Cutting edge needles have three sharp surfaces which, can penetrate and drive through tough tissue (if sharp). Taper needles have rounded bodies and the tip can range from sharp to fairly blunt. 

The three main types of needle tips are:

1) Cutting: Cutting edge is TOWARDS the skin margin

cutting, Suture materials and patterns in animal

2) Reverse cutting: cutting edge is AWAY from skin margin

Reverse cutting, Suture materials and patterns in animal

3) Taper: Somewhat blunt tip used on easily penetrated tissue.

reverse cutting edge needles often preferred in areas under pressure (heavy Weight):

hint: Compare the "footprint" of a cutting and reverse cutting needle used to close a incision, look at the base of each footprint closely, which one do you think will have a tendency to cut or pull through tissue?

C) The needle body shape (in cross section) Shapes range from rectangular to round.

D) Eye: 

The part of the needle holding the suture

1) Regular or standard, a closed eye, sometimes the suture material is double threaded through the eye so that is doesn’t lip.

2) Spring eye (sometimes termed a French eye): it allows suture to be pulled out with pressure

3) Swaged: The suture is embedded inside the shaft of the needle and creates less drag and tissue trauma and doesn’t slip out of the needle. 

E) Sizing of needles: The larger the number the smaller the needle, i.e. #20 needle smaller than #2. (similar to hypodermic needles)

Suture patterns:

There are numerous patterns developed over the years each for a specific use. Veterinarians develop preferences for certain suture patterns, just as they do particular instruments, types of suture and needles. Some of the basic patterns used frequently in veterinary medicine include:

A) Simple interrupted: 

This is a "safe" pattern. There is less chance of the suture line breaking since individual stitches are placed. It takes more time to place this pattern since there is an individual knot for each stitch. But if one suture is broken the rest of the line usually holds.

Simple interrupted, Suture materials and patterns in animal

Variations on the interrupted pattern include "tension sutures," which are placed away from the wound edge and hold more weight than regular sutures.

Horizontal mattress, Suture materials and patterns in animal 

Vertical mattress, Suture materials and patterns in animal

Tension suture with tubing, Suture materials and patterns in animal

B) Continuous or running pattern: 

Continuous or running pattern, Suture materials and patterns in animal

This suture pattern is fast but less secure since there is just one suture used and it is tied or knotted at each end of the closure, if either knot loosens or the suture breaks the entire line is lost. 

C) The "hidden" sub-cuticular pattern: 

"hidden" sub-cuticular pattern, Suture materials and patterns in animal

This is usually a continuous pattern but an interrupted pattern could be used. It is placed in the dermal and sub-cutaneous layer of skin and is often used in canine castrations or as a strengthening layer below skin sutures.

Knots: 

Without secure knots the best suture pattern would be useless. Many surgeons put extra ties or "throws" on their knots, this only takes a second and often insures that the knot will not slip. Common knots used in veterinary practice include:

A) Square knot: Most commonly used knot.

B) Surgeon’s knot : A double loop is placed before the first throw of the traditional square knot is made.

C) Granny knot: This is actually an incorrectly tied square knot. It looks very similar to the square knot, but doesn’t hold as well.

Surgical staples: 

Staples are made of stainless steel and are applied using staplers. They have been used for surgical purposes for over 100 years and were invented in Russia. Below are some is some basic information regarding surgical staples.

A) They are uniform, non-reactive, and time saving

B) They are expensive (around a $1.00 each)

C) An extractor needed for removal of staples from the skin

D) They are used most often for long incisions, i.e. equine, orthopedics

Ligating clips: 

These can be used in place of internal sutures to "tie off" pedicles (ovarian) or vessels etc. Ligating clips are applied by a special instrument and are stainless steal. They are used internally. They have similar qualities and drawbacks as staples.

Surgical glue or tissue adhesives:

This method of "pulling skin together" has become very popular. Below is some basic information about surgical glue and it’s use.

A) It is used commonly for feline declaws and to close small wounds.

B) The product warning emphasizes not to place adhesive in or on blood because it will not be effective.

C) It dries within seconds and is considered cost effective 

D) A trade name product is Nexaband, which was developed for the veterinary market.

Biological coagulants:

These products promote the formation of blood clots and resulting hemostasis. Most come as sterile powders or as sponges. They are used to stop capillary bleeding within body, i.e. liver seepage, tooth removal.

Examples include Gelfoam and Surgicel, which are gelatin and cellulose based products

Suturing Assignment:

 The on campus laboratory exercise will include suture practice on inanimate objects. Please practice the interrupted and continuous suture patterns before coming to campus. Many materials will simulate skin edges - felt, leather, and rubber tubing can be sutured. Additionally, you can use oranges, bananas, and tomatoes to simulate skin. To practice tying square knots, get a piece of clothesline-type rope. Practice tying knots, practice your hand ties, and instrument ties with this rope as well.

Your mentor will instruct you as to techniques preferred in your practice, but here are a few things to remember:

1) Skin edges should be evenly opposed, with no inversion or puckers.

2) If stitches are placed too far from the incision site, there will be a "gap" or pucker, 

3) If they are placed too close to the edge they are difficult to remove and may pull through the skin.

4) Most suture will cause some inflammation (especially surgical gut) if the suture is placed "tight" a day or two later there will be swelling and discomfort at the site. This can result in the suture line breaking or being chewed out by the patient.

5) Most veterinarians prefer a slightly loose suture to avoid the previous problem.

Suture materials and patterns in animal, Suture materials used in veterinary science