veterinary online: Anatomy

Showing posts with label Anatomy. Show all posts

Friday, November 29, 2013

Syrian hamster. Anatomy and Physiology of hamster

Syrian hamster. Anatomy and Physiology of hamster, Physiological parameters Syrian hamster

Owners need to hamsters and it is important to know the normal weight, body length, body temperature, longevity, maturity period, hamsters. You must learn how to determine the sex of a hamster.

Physiological parameters Syrian hamsters

Adult weight 110-200 g

Birth weight 1.5-2 g

Length of body 14-18 cm

Body length of newborn 1.5-2 cm

Heart rate 300 - 450 b pm.

The body temperature 37-39 gr C

Lifespan 2-2.5 years

Maturity 1.5 months

Cycle of ovulation in females 4 days

Incubation of offspring 16-17 days

Number of pups per litter 4-15

Lactation in females 25-28 days

Allowable Quantity birth females 3-4

Childbearing age females from 3 to 12 months.

Period of good male fertility from 3 to 14 months.

Cheek pouches

Syrian hamster. Anatomy and Physiology of hamster, Physiological parameters Syrian hamster

Wednesday, November 27, 2013

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014 part 3

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014, Wolves, Wolf color, Anatomy of wolves

Typically, dominant couple expresses love for each other, spending much time together, weaving and sniffing. Courtship is becoming more pronounced during the breeding season, when the female becomes pregnant, the male becomes extremely caring to her and brings her food. The rest of the females in the pack does not enjoy any advantage of their gender, they are around par with males: hunt, play m eat. Pregnant females and females with cubs to a four-age are considered high-ranking, at this time the whole flock takes care of them. Other females in the pack often lactating, vskarmlivaya strangers young and lick them.

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014, Wolves, Wolf color, Anatomy of wolves

Tuesday, November 26, 2013

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014 part 2

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014, Wolves, Wolf color, Anatomy of wolves

Received multiple injuries, the victim dies from blood loss or pain shock. Not one wolf killed under the hoofs of the elk, but in the end almost always pack comes out the winner. The most preferred embodiment, when the victim flees, exhausted, she loses the ability to seriously resist. If the animal is sick or weak, it gets tired very quickly. In addition, during the persecution of the victim can break a leg or hurt - in this case, the wolves are easier to kill her. But for hunting dogs used another tactic. Dog lure - often acts as bait wolf, which flirts with dog and lures her into an ambush, where hid other wolves. Scoring prey, wolves start to the meal. The right to choose the first tidbit belongs dominant pair they eat the liver and other internal organs that are most nutritious. Once a flock devour remain only bones, horns and hooves, and if a lot of production, flock back to the carcass and on the second day.

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014, Wolves, Wolf color, Anatomy of wolves

Monday, November 25, 2013

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014 part 1

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014, Wolves, Wolf color, Anatomy of wolves

Wolves - representatives of the largest family Canidae. Height 60-90 cm, length from head to tip of tail 150-180 cm, weight 27 (the smallest female) -60 kg (the largest male). Wolves that live in the north area, larger than their southern counterparts. wolf fur consists of thick guard hair soaked fat that repels water and soft undercoat, retaining heat. The heat loss is minimal wolf, his fur snow melts. Getting a vacation, wolf covered his fluffy tail and gets warm breath. Wolves molt in the summer, getting rid of the warm fur on the heat. Fur color can vary from black to pure white, including different shades of gray and brown, cream, red and silver - depending on the color of the top coat. As a rule, there are several in color flowers. Guard hair is painted in stripes of different colors - from white to black, this type of color is called "agouti" (named after the South American rodent). Color is influenced by the chemical "eumelanin", which affects the guard hairs at different points in its growth. During the period of active influence on the hair eumelanin present more bands of different colors, and the wolf gets dark color. Most of the wolves have a dark gray strip along the spine, dark markings on the top of the head and at the base of the ears and on the face - "mask." Dark areas of color are at the base legs, along the back and top of the tail. Light-colored seats are in the wolf's belly and groin area, lower jaw, on the underside of the front paws, on the cheeks, around the eyes and inside the ear, chest, legs and bottom of the tail. In the place where "eumelanin" depressed, wolves formed patches of light brown color.

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014

veterinary online: Wolf, all about wolves 2014, Wolves, Wolf color, Anatomy of wolves

Sunday, November 10, 2013

Treatment osteodystrofyy Cow part 1

Treatment osteodystrofyy Cow
Treatment osteodystrofyy Cow

Treatment osteodystrofyy Cow, bone disease of cow

Osteodystrophy cows characterized as bone lesions, but also in the pathological process involving the whole body animal. This, DY Lutsk, Zharov A W. (1978) propose a treatment regimen, if you want to first consider the condition of the skeletal system, the nature of violations of the digestive system, cardiovascular system and the body's need for nutrients, and even pinpoint the main failure.

In addition, in the preparation of diets recommended to consider the ratio of sugar and protein, phosphorus and calcium as balanced nutrition is a health care factor, and even helps improve therapeutic drugs.

Further studies DY Luck (1978) showed that the therapeutic effect in osteodystrofyy cows achieved by introducing the diet feeding, with 75 mg of bone flour, 100 g of urea, 10 mg of cobalt chloride, 16.5 mg zinc sulphate, 38.8 sernokysloy mg copper, 27.5 mg of manganese sulfate and five mg of potassium iodide with subcutaneous injections tryvytamyna (A, D3, E).

Along with this, a significant positive effect on zavvazhenoyi pathology DD reached runners (1968), which introduced the diet or meal obesftorennыy calcium phosphate in 50 ml of cobalt chloride and 20 ml a day inside

Treatment osteodystrofyy Cow, bone disease of cow

Thursday, November 7, 2013

Anatomy: Scapula Of Dog

Anatomy : Scapula Of Dog

Anatomy : Scapula Of Dog, Position Of Dog Scapula

Scapula Of Dog

Anatomy : Scapula Of Dog, Position Of Dog Scapula

Scapula Of Dog

Anatomy : Scapula Of Dog, Position Of Dog Scapula

Tuesday, November 5, 2013

Anatomy : Scapula Of Horse

Anatomy : Scapula Of Horse, Position Of Horse Scapula

Anatomy : Scapula Of Horse, Position Of Horse Scapula,

Anatomy : Scapula Of Horse, Position Of Horse Scapula

Wednesday, February 20, 2013

Pregnancy in animals, Diagnosing pregnancy in animal

Pregnancy

the physiological condition of the body females during fruiting, from fertilization to birth or abortion. Pregnant cows (heifers) called pregnant, mares - foals, sheep and goats - suyahnym, pigs - gestation, rabbits - sukrolnosti, bitches - schennymi, cats - kotnoy. There singleton pregnancy - in cows, mares and multiple - in pigs, sheep, rabbits, bitches. Adrift distinguish pregnancy physiological, pathological, and additional false. Duration of pregnancy - the period from fertilization (from last insemination) of females before birth. It depends on the type of animal, maintenance, care and feeding, breed and other factors.

Fruiting period

in cows - from 270 to 310 days in mares - from 320 to 355 days in pigs - from 110 to 120 days in sheep and goats - from 145 to 160 days in rabbits - from 28 to 33 days in females - from 56 to 72 days in cats - from 56 to 60 days. Diagnosis of pregnancy. Determining pregnancy in animals is of great practical importance, which allows to control fertilization and reproduction. Diagnosis of pregnancy in animals conducted clinical, laboratory techniques and using instruments.

cows

Diagnosing pregnancy

Pregnancy in cow

Diagnosing pregnancy in cows consists of internal and external research.External research has refleksolohycheskoho method, inspection, palpation and auscultation. refleksolohycheskyy method is based on the fact that after fertilization of the 14 th to the 30 th day before the cows (heifers) every day or allowed near the bull-probe for 1 - 1.5 hours in a state hunting animals isolated for insemination. No hunting in fertilized females is one of the signs of pregnancy cows (heifers).On examination established asymmetry of the right and left abdominal wall in the second half of pregnancy, when the right abdominal wall protrudes more (fetal position) than the left. Overview spend the morning before feeding.

Palpation

Palpation (probing) of the fetus through the abdominal wall to the right (preferably before feeding) is short and fast shocks fist of his right hand in the iliac region. If a cow (heifer) calf, the detectable solid movable body. This method can be applied no earlier than 5 months of pregnancy.

Pregnancy in cow

Auscultation

listening frequency tones (GHG) fetal heart (normal 120-130 in 1 min) and mother (normal 50 -80 to 1 min) performed in the right iliac region cows with 4 - 5 months of pregnancy.

Internal study consists of vaginal, rectal methods and application ultrasonography (USG). They may hold a veterinary specialist or livestock.

Vaginal method is based on a review of the vagina and cervix using vaginal mirror, which is injected into the vagina cows (heifers). When pregnancy felt dryness of vagina, mucus viscosity, the cervical canal is closed, it is a mucous plug. In nestelnyh animals these signs are absent.Rectal method is based on probing through the rectum anatomical and topographical changes in the uterus, ovaries and nourish these organs vessels. Research conducted from 1 - 2 months pregnancy. In the study to use the glove. Cows and heifers examined in the stall or machine.In nestelnyh cows uterus is located in the pelvic cavity on lonnyh bones. Palpation its horns cut. The uterus has a spherical shape, divided mezhrohovoy groove.In tional cows (heifers), depending on the term of pregnancy in the genitals occurring changes in rectal examination characterized by the following features: the first month of pregnancy horn-plodovmestylysche more than 1.5 times the opposite, there is fluctuation in amniotic fluid (80 - 100 ml).In the second month of calf horn 2 times more neberemennoho, amniotic fluid in the uterus 300 - 500 ml, fluctuation progresses. Mezhrohovaya groove almost smoothed. In the third month of horn-plodovmestylysche increased 4-fold compared to non-pregnant, diameter of 12-15 cm, the amniotic fluid 900-1200 ml fluctuation it is well defined in both corners. In the fourth month promatsuyutsya parts fetus platsentomy size of beans, felt vibration (buzzing) average uterine artery in horn-plodovmestilischa, amniotic fluid 3 - 4 liters. In the fifth month of the uterus is lowered into the peritoneal cavity together with the neck. Platsentomy size of a pigeon's egg or acorn.

Pregnancy in cow

The average uterine artery diameter of 8-10 mm, its vibration increases. Fruit easily detectable. In the sixth month the uterus of the fruit is deep in the abdomen. Platsentomy size of a hen's egg, vibration middle uterine artery horn-plodovmestilischa expressed much the diameter of 10-12 mm. The average uterine artery free horns also vibrates, but weaker than pregnant, its diameter 7 - 9 mm. On the seventh or eighth month well detectable fruit medium severe vibration uterine arteries vibrate both rear uterine artery.For the ninth month of pregnancy characterized by wedging of the fruit in the pelvic cavity, vibration uterine arteries increases, the diameter is 18 - 20 mm. There are harbingers of sorts.

Mares

In mares zherebost determine refleksolohycheskyy, vaginal, rectal methods using ultrasound apparatus, as well as inspection, palpation and auscultation of the abdominal wall of the abdominal cavity. refleksolohycheskyy method used from the 5th day after insemination of mares by stallions test probe.Sample spend up to 20-25th day.On examination comparing contours of left and right halves of the abdominal wall. In foals mares are asymmetrical - the left stands more than the right, in the sixth month zherebosty.

Palpation

Palpation of the fetus carried out in mares left in nizhnepahovoy area using the right hand, pressing his hand. In foals the mares in the abdomen feel the presence of solids (from 5 - 6 months zherebosty).

Pregnancy in mare

Auscultation

listening to fetal heart tones. The frequency of attacks in the fetus should be 130 beats in 1 min, a mare - 20 - 24 strokes in 1 min).In a study of vaginal measured response to the introduction of mares vaginal mirror and ongoing review of vagina and cervical canal. Studies conducted in sterile mirror. In nezhereboho mares mirror easily inserted into the vagina and is easily derived from it. The mucous membrane of the vagina in the normal pale pink and moist. Cervical canal without mucus plug. In foals mares vaginal mucosa and cervix slightly pale, matte, sticky mucus contains gray, mirror inserted and removed from the vagina with difficulty. In a vaginal examination can diagnose 4-8-week zherebost.

Rectal examination

Rectal examination conducted in nursing mares in special machines or in the arena, where you want to fix them securely. The research involves probing the ovaries (from left), uterine horns, body and cervix, uterine ligaments and arteries. When zherebosty in mares in the genitals characteristic changes occur. In the first months of the ovary zherebosty zhereboy horns increased (he luteum), pubescent and not very mobile. Pregnant horn of the uterus and forms a thickened oval bubble the size of a hen's egg, well defined bifurcation horns. In the second month at the base of pregnant horn palpable bladder the size of a goose egg. flyuktuiruet and he dropped outside lonnogo seam, well pronounced asymmetry horns. In the third month of both ovaries lowered to the level of the bottom of the pelvis and close together. Pregnant horn more opposite in 2.5 - 3 times the size of a child's head, flyuktuiruet contains up to 2 liters of amniotic fluid, it detectable fetus. In the fourth month of horn-plodovmestylysche size of an adult human head, hangs in the abdominal cavity and well flyuktuiruet. In the fifth, sixth month of the uterus to the fruit deeply lowered into the abdominal cavity, is well defined vibration middle uterine arteries (diameter of 5 -7 mm). On the seventh or eighth month of the uterus to the fruit is deep in the abdomen, vibration middle uterine arteries both horns increases. At nine or ten months of the fruit easily detectable as it moves in the pelvic cavity, there is a strong vibration (buzzing) secondary uterine and posterior uterine arteries. Eleventh month zherebosty characterized forerunners of childbirth.

Sheep and goats

Suyahnost sheep and goats, swine gestation and diagnosed sukrolnostkrolchih refleksolohycheskyy and external methods, which have the feature for each animal.

Laboratory methods for diagnosis of pregnancy

Laboratory methods for diagnosis of pregnancy is applicable for large and for small animals. These include studies of blood, milk, urine, vaginal and cervical mucus, etc. However, these methods are not widely used in the practice of animal husbandry.Currently using different ultrasonic devices and ultrasound (crawling on the screen), which can be used in large and small animals in early pregnancy, but they are very expensive and require special training.

Thursday, February 14, 2013

The cardiovascular system of animals, lymphatic system of animal

Circulatory system consists of three independent parts, closely related topographically and functionally: the circulatory system with a central body - the heart, the lymphatic system, organs hemodialysis and lymphopoiesis.

Circulatory system consists of the heart and the system of blood vessels, which are divided into arteries (blood vessels that carry blood from the heart), veins (blood vessels that carry blood to the heart) and microvasculature.

Heart

Heart, cardiovascular system of animals

Heart (cor, kardia) - the central body of blood and lymph, located in the chest cavity from III to VI-VII ribs inside okoloserdechnoy bag (pericardium). Heart is from 0.4 to 1% of body weight. The wall of the heart consists of three layers: the inner (endocardial), middle (infarction) and outer (epicardial). The shape of the heart is a hollow cone-shaped formation, which distinguish top (downward and back) and the base (directed forward and upward). Heart of a four mammals. At the core are two atria (right and left), and most of the heart ventricle form two (left and right), separated by interventricular septum. The muscular layer of the heart (myocardium) in the atria has two layers of striated muscle, and in the ventricles - five layers. Muscles are attached to a special fibrous skeleton of the heart, from four fibrous rings, two of which are located between the atria and ventricles, and two - at the mouth of arterial vessels. The heart has a special valve apparatus which facilitates unidirectional blood flow. This unit has four valves: two stulkovyh - between the atria and ventricles (right tricuspid, left bicuspid or mitral) and two pockets (crescent) The mouth of blood vessels.

Cardiac muscle is characterized by four features:

1-avtomatyya - the ability to contract rhythmically influenced by impulses arising in the very heart muscle, and possible special thanks to the neuromuscular system, which consists of sinoatrial, atrioventricular node and bundle branch block;

2-excitability - impulse excitation of the stimulus;

3-conductivity - spreading the excitement of sinoatrial node around the heart;

4-contractility - the ability to meet the reduction only to single pulse excitation.

cardiovascular system of animals

Activity of the heart is cyclical. In isolated cardiac cycle during contraction (systole), representing 40% of the duration of the cardiac cycle, and during relaxation (diastole) - 60% of the duration of the cardiac cycle.Minute volume flow, the amount of blood ejected ventricle of the heart (right or left) in 1 min (20-30 l of a horse, cattle up to 35 l in small ruminants to 4 liters in dogs to 1 5 l).

Systolic volume flow, the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle of the heart per systole (calculated as a private in the distribution of minute volume on the number of cuts in 1 min). This rate in horses is 850 ml in cattle - 580 ml, small livestock - 55 ml in dogs - 14-25 ml.

Regulation of the heart is provided by neural and hormonal mechanisms. Neural mechanisms of regulation related to the activity of the autonomic nervous system and the presence of some vessels reflex zones (accumulation of chemo-and pressosensornyh receptors).Hormonal mechanisms regulating hormones made by the adrenal medulla and the thyroid gland, and potassium ions (urezhayut and weaken the heart reduction), calcium (stimulates cardiac contraction) and other chemicals.

Blood vessels

Blood vessels, cardiovascular system of animals

Blood vessels are a system of hollow tubes, which are grouped in two circulation - large and small. Vessel wall consists of three layers: the inner (tunica intima), middle (tunica media) and outer (tunica adventicia). In arterial vessels are well developed middle layer, which contains muscle and elastic components. The venous system is two to three times more volume arterial. The biggest development in venous vessels is the outer shell. Small (functional) circulation begins in the right ventricle of the heart common trunk of the pulmonary artery, which is divided into lung parenchyma network of capillaries that pass in the pulmonary veins, which carry blood to the left atrium. Large (systemic) circulation starting from the left ventricle and is composed of the following vessels: aorta, major arteries, capillaries, main veins that form two venous pool (cranial and caudal hollow veins) that carry blood to the right atrium. Aorta begins arc, which departs from the right brachiocephalic trunk that carries blood to the head, neck and right half of the right thoracic limb. Doug continues caudally in the thoracic, abdominal, and middle sacral median tail artery.

venous, cardiovascular system of animals

Aorta at its very commencement of the coronary arteries supplying the heart. Chairman krovosnabzhaetsya two common carotid artery (arteria carotis communis), each of which is divided into the external carotid artery with numerous branches to the head and of the internal carotid artery for blood supply to the brain. The neck is blood on the branches of the subclavian arteries (right and left), which depart from the aortic arch (right brachiocephalic trunk is an extension). Subclavian arteries going to the extremities as underarm, shoulder and median. From the thoracic and abdominal aorta away parietal artery (supplies the wall cavity) and visceral (supplies the internal organs). In thoracic visceral artery depart within the esophageal-bronchial trunk. In abdominal visceral branches is fraught artery (supplies the stomach, spleen, liver, duodenum), cranial mesenteric artery (supplies the thin section and part of the large intestine), caudal mesenteric artery (supplies the descending portion of the colon and rectum), kidney and adrenal arteries and arteries to the gonads (ovarian in females, males Semennikova). Then abdominal artery divided into external iliac (supplies the pelvic limb) and internal iliac (supplies the pelvic cavity) artery. The external iliac artery should be on pelvic limb (on the thigh is called the femur), then goes into the popliteal, at the lower leg in front bolshebertsovuyu which the foot becomes dorsalnuyu artery of the foot.

Venous system creates two vena cava. Cranial vena cava (v. cava cranialis) collects blood from the head (on the jugular veins), neck and thoracic limbs (branches of the subclavian vein), as well as the chest wall (right azygos vein in dogs and horses).

The left azygos vein in pigs and cattle runs directly into the heart. Caudal vena cava (v. cava caudalis) collects blood from the pelvic cavity (internal iliac veins), pelvic limb (external iliac vein) and paired abdominal organs (kidneys, adrenals, gonads). From odd abdominal organs (the gastrointestinal tract) veins empty into the portal vein, and it is in the liver, which produce excellent vascular network of the liver and liver already cleared of toxic products in the blood of hepatic veins enters the caudal vena cava. The colon is located in the pelvic cavity, so most of the blood from it enters the caudal vena cava, bypassing the liver barrier. This feature is used in the administration of soluble substances through the rectum.

Arterial, cardiovascular system of animals

Arterial and venous part of the circulatory system are connected to each other by elements of the microvasculature, which include arterioles prekapillyarov, capillaries, and venules postkapillyary.These elements provide metabolism between blood and tissue and drainage shall deposit function.The movement of blood through the vessels is due to the work of the heart, the elastic-elastic properties of the arterial wall suction as the chest cavity (it is negative pressure), valvular veins (the folds of the inner layer of the vascular wall) and working muscles. Movement of blood vessels (blood flow) is characterized by parameters such as velocity, blood pressure, rhythmic contraction of the arterial wall (pulse). These parameters correspond to the laws of hydrodynamics (including Bernoulli law, which establishes the relationship between the diameter of the vessel, pressure and velocity). Thus, in the arteries, which have a minimum overall diameter, observed maximum pressure and flow velocity.

Regulation of blood flow is reduced to change the diameter of blood vessels that are in constant tone, and the number of circulating blood. This process involves the autonomic nervous system andcardiovascular reflex zones (nervous regulation), and adrenal hormones, pituitary, kidneys and central nervous system neurotransmitters (substances involved in the transmission of nerve impulses).At rest, about half the mass of blood is in the blood depots: 20% in liver, 16% in spleen and 10% in the subcutaneous tissue.

lymphatic system

lymphatic system, cardiovascular system of animals

The lymphatic system is an auxiliary education venous system of the body and performs the following functions:

1-immune (associated with the activity of lymphocytes), drainage (removal of excess fluid from the tissues);

2-barrier-filtration (delay in lymph node tissues of toxins, bacteria, viruses and foreign particles);

3-transport (transport protein, some vitamins, fat).

The structure of the lymphatic system consists of lymph capillaries, vessels, nodes, collectors, trunks and ducts. Lymph - a colorless transparent liquid, similar in chemical composition to blood plasma. It contains proteins (less than in the blood), nitrogenous substances, glucose, salt, enzymes, hormones, vitamins and antibodies. In lymph no red blood cells and platelets, but it is able to coagulate due to the presence of fibrinogen and several other clotting factors. For lymphatic capillaries typical blind beginning in tissues. Association, they form the lymphatic heart. Lymphatic vessels are equipped with valves (like the valves in the veins), so that they have expansion and contraction. Lymph nodes are bean-shaped form and may be superficial and deep. Group lymph nodes that collect lymph from the total body surface, forming limfotsentr. The most important is limfotsentrami parotid (collects lymph from the brain skull), mandibular (collects lymph from the front of the skull), retropharyngeal (regionarny is for the whole head), superficial and deep neck (collect lymph from the neck), mediastinum (regionarny for thoracic ), axillary (collects lymph from the thoracic limbs), groin (collects lymph from the abdominal wall and pelvic limbs), mesenteric, and abdominal (regional to the abdominal cavity). The major lymphatic collectors have thoracic lymph duct (collects lymph from 3/4 of the body except the right half of the head, neck, right thoracic limb and the right half of the chest wall) right lymphatic duct (collects lymph from the right half of the head, neck, right thoracic limb and the right half of the chest wall). Both ducts open into kranyalnuyu vena cava. Thus the whole lymph collected in kranyalnuyu vena cava. In the process of moving lymph vessels involved but sticks feature thoracic cavity, the pressure difference in the lymph capillaries and ducts, muscles of the body, particularly the diaphragm, rhythmic contraction of lymph vessels and pulsation thoracic duct. Innervated lymph elements sympathetic nerve fibers, and the speed of movement of lymph varies reflex.

lymphatic system, cardiovascular system of animals

Bodies hemo-lymphopoiesis and perform production of blood cells and thus participate in the maintenance of homeostasis and immune response. Stroma for all of this group is reticular tissue and parenchyma - lymphoid tissue. All bodies develop early in the course of individual development and the birth of the animal is already fully formed, but after birth are early involution (regression). Depending on the topography (location), functions and structure of all the organs of hemo-lymphopoiesis and be divided into central and peripheral. In central include bone marrow and thymus (thymus). These bodies formed cells that can differentiate cells own body against foreign (antihennezavisimoe differentiation).They are always located in well-protected areas of the body (bone marrow, thymus in the chest cavity on the chest).In peripheral organs hemo-lymphopoiesis and related lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid formation gastrointestinal (tonsils, Peyyerovyh plaques, solitary follicles of the intestine), respiratory and urinary channels. All these bodies are located towards the possible introduction of infection or passing atypical substances produced in the body.

Wednesday, February 13, 2013

The digestive apparatus of animals, Anatomically digestive apparatus in animal

Digestive apparatus a set of institutions guaranteeing the digestive process,feed conversion by physical and chemical treatment to a more simple nutrients that can be absorbed and assimilated by the body.Thus, the digestive organs perform the following functions: secretory (working digestive glands), motor (reception food, his mixing and promotion in the digestive tract), suction (performed mucous membrane and generates the blood water and nutrients split), secretory (emphasis Some metabolic products - pigments, urea, mineral and accidentally substances).

Anatomically digestive apparatus

digestive system of cow, Anatomically digestive apparatus in animal

Anatomically digestive apparatus is divided into the digestive canal (canalis alimentarius) and cancer (glandulae), located outside the channel (zastinni gland). Some parts of the alimentary canal wall containing glandular formation (parietal gland).

Alimentary canal lined inside mucosa pale pink. This layer has a different structure, due to the functional purpose of different parts of the channel. In the connective tissue on the mucosa in some lymphoid organs is education, serve a protective function, which may take the form of single follicles (in the jejunum), clusters of follicles - Peyyerovi plaques (in the ileum) or tonsils (component okolohlotochnoe lymphoid ring). In the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract in its entirety is the endocrine cells. Muscle membrane wall of the alimentary canal provides peristalsis and promote content. Submucosa and tunica muscularis abundantly provided with nerve endings that contribute to the regulation of all functional items.Alimentary canal origin is divided into primary and tulovyschnoy intestine (intestinal tube). The Main intestine include oral cavity and pharynx.

Oral cavity

oral cavity, Anatomically digestive apparatus in animal

(cavum oris) is a complex organ that includes the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palate, tongue (the mucosa contains mechanical and gustatory papillae and a muscular system), gums and teeth Teeth are highly species diversity.

According to the structure they are divided into dlinnokoronkovye (all teeth horse and cattle molars) and korotkokoronkovye (teeth carnivores, omnivores, cutters cattle) on location - on incisors (hooks, medium and loose), canines, premolars and molars, to change - for milk and permanent, in the form of chewing surfaces - on gears (in prey), lumpy (in omnivores) lunchatye (in cattle) and folded (in horses).Maximum number of teeth is in pigs - 44, dogs 42, 36-40 horses in cattle 32. A tooth consists of a modified bone - dentin, which is the protruding part of the tooth is covered with enamel, and the root of - cement. In the mouth opens three pairs of large zastinnyh glands: parotid, mandibular and sublingual that secrete saliva.

cattle teeth, Anatomically digestive apparatus in animal

Saliva

Saliva is composed of water, protein components and mineral salts in saliva and pigs are also enzymes (amylase and Maltase), break down starch. Salivation in animals is reflexively regulated and medulla oblongata.

skull, Anatomically digestive apparatus in animal

Pharynx

pharynx is the tubular body in which the intersection of digestive and respiratory tracts. Thus pharynx associated with oral, nasal cavity, middle ear, larynx and esophagus. It includes two sections: respiratory (nasopharynx) and digestive (oropharynx).

tulovyschnaya intestine (intestinal tube) is divided into three sections: the front (esophagus and stomach), middle (small intestine) and posterior (thick intestine).

Esophagus

Anatomically digestive apparatus of rabbit

(oesophagus) is a body for the promotion of food in the stomach and consists of three parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal. The esophagus passes through the diaphragm in the plane IX edges (the horses - XII).

Stomach

Stomach (gaster, ventriculus, stomachus) is an extension of the foregut. The stomach is divided into four parts: esophagus (devoid of glands), cardiac (at the confluence of the esophagus contains cardiac glands), fundus or bottom (contains fundic glands) and pyloric (place of transition of the stomach into the duodenum contains pylorycheskye gland). The development of the stomach underlying classification stomachs.

Anatomically digestive apparatus of goat

In dogs esophageal part of the stomach is not developed (intestinal type stomach), stomach is left hypochondrium (IX-XII rib) and the xiphoid cartilage. Pigs esophageal part of the stomach is negligible (stomach esophageal-intestinal type). Appears stomach in the left upper quadrant (XI-XII rib) and in the xiphoid cartilage. Horses stomach esophageal-intestinal type, esophageal portion is well developed and forms a blind sac (XIV-XV rib), located in the left upper quadrant stomach.In cattle stomach multichamber esophageal-intestinal type. Esophageal forms part three of the four divisions multichamber stomach: rumen (rumen), which is located to the left of VI rib to enter the pelvic cavity, net (reticulum) - lies in the xiphoid cartilage in the plane VI-VII ribs; book (omasum) - is in the right upper quadrant in the plane VII-IX edges

Anatomically digestive apparatus of horse

From the esophagus, which empties into a scar in his vestibule, the book goes trough mesh (esophageal groove), he goes on the grid right and partially reduced with age. This trough is involved in the processes of chewing, belching and reception of milk in the calf. Fourth Department multichamber stomach of cattle called rennet (abomasum). He is the true stomach that contains cancer, and is in the xiphoid cartilage right in the plane XI-XII ribs. In adult animals, the largest department multichamber stomach is scar less - according abomasum, book and mesh. In small ruminants smallest division is not mesh, and a book. In young animals that feed on milk, abomasum size exceeds scar. The glandular portion of the stomach (cardiac, fundic and pyloric) identifies gastric juice. This liquid acid reaction, consisting of water, enzymes (pepsin, hastriksin, hymozyna and lipase), mineral salts and hydrochloric acid. Most enzymes involved in the breakdown of proteins, and lipase breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids. Gastric juice secreted in two phases: reflex (starts before feeding) and humoral (neurochemical, under the influence of chemical irritants formed during digestion: food digestion and hormones released by the stomach).

Intestine

intestine, Anatomically digestive apparatus in animal

long digestive tube that exceeds the length of the body in cattle in 20 - 25 times in pigs 15 times in horses is 10-12 times, and carnivores in 3.5 - 5 times and therefore has petlystoy course. Colon has a number of adaptations that increase its surface area, which include mucosal folds, villi, covered kaemchatye epithelium and crypts.

Morphologically intestine is divided into narrowed and long thin section(duodenum, skinny and ileum) and less long and thick expanded Department (blind, colon and rectum).This division is on probation. In the small intestine there is further digestion of nutrients under the influence of intestinal, pancreatic juice and bile.Pancreatic juice and bile are allocated according pancreas and liver ducts that open into the duodenum.

Liver

the largest digestive gland, has equity structure.All kinds of animals can distinguish right and left lobe of the liver. In the right lobe in all animals (except horses, camels and reindeer) is located gallbladder - a reservoir for temporary storage of bile, because it produced more than needed for digestion.Equity structure of the liver is most pronounced in dogs and pigs, and the least - in cattle. The liver makes bile ducts system, which opens into the duodenum .

liver, Anatomically digestive apparatus in animal

The liver performs except the digestive barrier (protective) function, purifying blood deponyruyuschuyu function (it creates a supply of glycogen deposition occurs and blood), is involved in all kinds of metabolic processes of thermoregulation, and the embryonic period - and in the blood.Proteins are split trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase secreted by the pancreas and activated by enzymes of intestinal juice. Fats split lipase, and carbohydrates - Maltase, saharazoy and laktazoy (they are part of the intestinal juice). Bile, secreted by the liver, is involved in the emulsification of fats and thereby facilitates digestion. Secretion of these enzymes is influenced by neural and humoral regulation.Enormous role in humoral regulation belongs hormones secreted by the intestine. Small intestine provides not only the process of digestion (a huge role in this process is given wall digestion), but the process of absorption of nutrients. Parietal digestion contributes to the structure of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, which is represented kaemchatye epithelium.

Absorption

The digestive apparatus of animals

the physiological process that occurs as a result of intense activity of the intestinal mucosa.The process of absorption is the result of filtering, diffusion and osmosis. Absorption helps reduce intestinal villi, which in this case act as a pump. In the large intestine there are absorption of water, the formation of feces and their allocation. The final section of thick section (rectum) ends with anal canal that opens the anus, which has two sphincter: exterior of the striated muscles of the inner and smooth.

Duodenum

(intestinum duodenum) in all animals located in the right upper quadrant, which is adjacent to the liver, and followed to the level of the right kidney and at about mid-back passes from right to left and back to the liver.

Jejunum

(intestinum jejunum) in pigs and dogs is the ventral part of the abdominal cavity (the xiphoid cartilage, umbilical region, partly pubic, hypochondrium, podvzdohi and pahy). In cattle it is the right of these areas. Horses placed in the left podvzdohe between dorsal and ventral provisions large colon.

Ileum

(intestinum ileum) in all animals placed in the right podvzdohe and goes from left to right podvzdoha.

Cecum

large intestine, The digestive apparatus of animals

(intestinum caecum) in dogs is in the lumbar region (II-IV lumbar vertebrae) in cattle guts reason lies right in the lumbar region and podvzdohe and the tip pointing towards the pelvis. In pigs reason cecum is located on the left in the lumbar region, the tip pointing towards the pelvis. In the horse cecum attains a large size and consists of the head (in the right podvzdohe), the body (in the groin and upper quadrant) and the top (in the xiphoid cartilage).

colon

(intestinum colon) in dogs is part dorsalnuyu both podvzdohov. Pigs form a cone, the base of which lies in the left podvzdohe and leadership in adult animals in the umbilical region, and the piglets to six months of age in the xiphoid cartilage. In cattle drive (labyrinth) of the colon is the right podvzdohe.In the horse it is a large colon in a double horseshoe (takes both podvzdoha, hypochondrium and the xiphoid cartilage, partly groin) and small colon, which lies with small loops (in the left podvzdohe and between the provisions of a large colon).

Rectum

(intestinum rectum) in all animals located in the pelvic cavity in the vertebral column.

Liver

liver, The digestive apparatus of animals

lies in the right upper quadrant, without going beyond the last rib. In all animals, except pigs in contact with the right kidney. In horses, pigs and dogs goes to the left hypochondrium.

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