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Maned wolf,  Distributed maned wolf, food maned wolf, Mating season in maned wolf, and maned wolf legs

Mating season in maned wolf

maned wolf legs

Maned wolf,  Distributed maned wolf, food maned wolf, Mating season in maned wolf, and maned wolf legs

Maned wolf,  Distributed maned wolf, food maned wolf, and Maned wolf coat

Maned wolf coat

Distributed maned wolf

Maned wolf,  Distributed maned wolf, food maned wolf, and Maned wolf coat

Heart

Heart, cardiovascular system of animals

Heart (cor, kardia) - the central body of blood and lymph, located in the chest cavity from III to VI-VII ribs inside okoloserdechnoy bag (pericardium). Heart is from 0.4 to 1% of body weight. The wall of the heart consists of three layers: the inner (endocardial), middle (infarction) and outer (epicardial). The shape of the heart is a hollow cone-shaped formation, which distinguish top (downward and back) and the base (directed forward and upward). Heart of a four mammals. At the core are two atria (right and left), and most of the heart ventricle form two (left and right), separated by interventricular septum. The muscular layer of the heart (myocardium) in the atria has two layers of striated muscle, and in the ventricles - five layers. Muscles are attached to a special fibrous skeleton of the heart, from four fibrous rings, two of which are located between the atria and ventricles, and two - at the mouth of arterial vessels. The heart has a special valve apparatus which facilitates unidirectional blood flow. This unit has four valves: two stulkovyh - between the atria and ventricles (right tricuspid, left bicuspid or mitral) and two pockets (crescent) The mouth of blood vessels.

cardiovascular system of animals

Activity of the heart is cyclical. In isolated cardiac cycle during contraction (systole), representing 40% of the duration of the cardiac cycle, and during relaxation (diastole) - 60% of the duration of the cardiac cycle.Minute volume flow, the amount of blood ejected ventricle of the heart (right or left) in 1 min (20-30 l of a horse, cattle up to 35 l in small ruminants to 4 liters in dogs to 1 5 l).

Blood vessels

Blood vessels, cardiovascular system of animals

Blood vessels are a system of hollow tubes, which are grouped in two circulation - large and small. Vessel wall consists of three layers: the inner (tunica intima), middle (tunica media) and outer (tunica adventicia). In arterial vessels are well developed middle layer, which contains muscle and elastic components. The venous system is two to three times more volume arterial. The biggest development in venous vessels is the outer shell. Small (functional) circulation begins in the right ventricle of the heart common trunk of the pulmonary artery, which is divided into lung parenchyma network of capillaries that pass in the pulmonary veins, which carry blood to the left atrium. Large (systemic) circulation starting from the left ventricle and is composed of the following vessels: aorta, major arteries, capillaries, main veins that form two venous pool (cranial and caudal hollow veins) that carry blood to the right atrium. Aorta begins arc, which departs from the right brachiocephalic trunk that carries blood to the head, neck and right half of the right thoracic limb. Doug continues caudally in the thoracic, abdominal, and middle sacral median tail artery.

venous, cardiovascular system of animals

Aorta at its very commencement of the coronary arteries supplying the heart. Chairman krovosnabzhaetsya two common carotid artery (arteria carotis communis), each of which is divided into the external carotid artery with numerous branches to the head and of the internal carotid artery for blood supply to the brain. The neck is blood on the branches of the subclavian arteries (right and left), which depart from the aortic arch (right brachiocephalic trunk is an extension). Subclavian arteries going to the extremities as underarm, shoulder and median. From the thoracic and abdominal aorta away parietal artery (supplies the wall cavity) and visceral (supplies the internal organs). In thoracic visceral artery depart within the esophageal-bronchial trunk. In abdominal visceral branches is fraught artery (supplies the stomach, spleen, liver, duodenum), cranial mesenteric artery (supplies the thin section and part of the large intestine), caudal mesenteric artery (supplies the descending portion of the colon and rectum), kidney and adrenal arteries and arteries to the gonads (ovarian in females, males Semennikova). Then abdominal artery divided into external iliac (supplies the pelvic limb) and internal iliac (supplies the pelvic cavity) artery. The external iliac artery should be on pelvic limb (on the thigh is called the femur), then goes into the popliteal, at the lower leg in front bolshebertsovuyu which the foot becomes dorsalnuyu artery of the foot.

Arterial, cardiovascular system of animals

Arterial and venous part of the circulatory system are connected to each other by elements of the microvasculature, which include arterioles prekapillyarov, capillaries, and venules postkapillyary.These elements provide metabolism between blood and tissue and drainage shall deposit function.The movement of blood through the vessels is due to the work of the heart, the elastic-elastic properties of the arterial wall suction as the chest cavity (it is negative pressure), valvular veins (the folds of the inner layer of the vascular wall) and working muscles. Movement of blood vessels (blood flow) is characterized by parameters such as velocity, blood pressure, rhythmic contraction of the arterial wall (pulse). These parameters correspond to the laws of hydrodynamics (including Bernoulli law, which establishes the relationship between the diameter of the vessel, pressure and velocity). Thus, in the arteries, which have a minimum overall diameter, observed maximum pressure and flow velocity.

lymphatic system

lymphatic system, cardiovascular system of animals

The lymphatic system is an auxiliary education venous system of the body and performs the following functions:

lymphatic system, cardiovascular system of animals

Bodies hemo-lymphopoiesis and perform production of blood cells and thus participate in the maintenance of homeostasis and immune response. Stroma for all of this group is reticular tissue and parenchyma - lymphoid tissue. All bodies develop early in the course of individual development and the birth of the animal is already fully formed, but after birth are early involution (regression). Depending on the topography (location), functions and structure of all the organs of hemo-lymphopoiesis and be divided into central and peripheral. In central include bone marrow and thymus (thymus). These bodies formed cells that can differentiate cells own body against foreign (antihennezavisimoe differentiation).They are always located in well-protected areas of the body (bone marrow, thymus in the chest cavity on the chest).In peripheral organs hemo-lymphopoiesis and related lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid formation gastrointestinal (tonsils, Peyyerovyh plaques, solitary follicles of the intestine), respiratory and urinary channels. All these bodies are located towards the possible introduction of infection or passing atypical substances produced in the body.

Hormones

Endocrine system of horse

How is a red blood cell adapted for its function

The shape of it is biconcave (and like a flattened disc). This increases surface area over volume.It has no nucleus, so that there is more space for more haemoglobin to be packed.It contains haemoglobin, which is a molecule which binds reversibly to oxygen.It is flexible and elastic - so that it can squeeze through the capillaries.Thin wall: for easy diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in and out of the cells.Thin cell: providing a short distance for diffusion and increasing efficiency.

Erythrocyte in different  animals

Dog: Cells are large (7microns),uniform in size and have central pallor (biconcave disc).

dog  Erythrocyte

Cat: Cells average 6 microns in diameter , only very slight central pallor , slight anisocyte (variation in size of RBC) . Up to 1 % of the cells may contain Howell-jolly bodies(nuclear remnants ) .

                                      Howell-jolly bodies 

Cow: Average diameter is 6 microns . Red cells may appear flat disc with little or no central depression (no central pallor) anisocytosis is common.

Sheep: Average diameter 4.5 microns ,flat disc ,with little central depression

Goat: Erythrocyte are the smallest 4 microns and most variables in shape .Spindle,rod, or sphere-shape red cells may be observed (normal pokilocytosis)

Camel: Erythrocytes normal elliptical in shape and lake of cental depression .

                                         camel erythrocyte

Horse: Erythrocyte have rouleaux formation ,Average diameter 5.7 microns ,uniform in size no central pallor .

                                         rouleaux formation 

Poultry: Mature erythrocyte is oval cell with an oval central nucleus .

                                          Avian erythrocyte 

Life Span

The life span of the erythrocyte varies from 70-160 days in domestic species although the life span is often shorter in juvenile animals (e.g. calves and lambs) compared to adult animals. Erythrocytes in small animals have a shorter life span than in the larger domestic species

Life span (days)
Cat	Pig	Dog	Goat	Horse	Sheep	Cattle
70	85	120	125	145	150	160

   Transfused dog erythrocytes last around 21 days

The urinary system

urinary system

consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra

ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS
The kidneys are organs for nitration of plasma and plasma constituents from blood, and selective rebsorption of water and nutrients from the nitrate.
 With the exception of the lobulated kidneys of the cow and the heartshaped right kidney of the horse, most domestic animals have somewhat 

beanshaped kidneys
In the cow, sheep, and goat, particularly with a full rumen, the left kidney may be pushed to the right as far as the median plane or beyond. In these animals the left kidney may be much more loosely attached to the body wall than the right kidney and consequently the left renal artery and vein are longer than the right vessels. Like other abdominal organs, the kidneys are retro peritoneal  that is, they are located outside of the peritoneal cavity. However, the kidneys are more closely attached to the abdominal wall by fascia, vessels, and peritoneum than are other organs
The medial border of the kidney is usually concave and has a marked depression, the renal hilus, where blood vessels and nerves enter and the ureter and lymphatic vessels leave.
 The expanded origin of the ureter within the kidney is called the renal pelvis. It receives urine from the collecting tubules of the kidney. The cavity within the kidney which contains the pelvis is called the renal sinus. The renal pelvis has no relationship to the bony pelvis described as a part of the skeleton.
In the horse, sheep, and dog the collecting tubules empty onto a longitudinal ridge that projects into the renal pelvis. This ridge is called the renal crest. In the kidney of the cow and pig individual pyramids project into minor calyces, which in turn empty into major calyces. These major calyces in the pig kidney empty into the renal pelvis and thence into the ureter. The kidney of the cow has no pelvis, so the major calyces empty into the ureter directly.
The portion of the kidney immediately surrounding the renal pelvis is the medulla, which appears striated because of the radially arranged collecting tubules. These tubules form the basis for the renal pyramids, which have their apices at the renal pelvis and their bases covered by the cortex.
 In addition to collecting tubules, the medulla also contains some loops of Henle. The cortex, located between the medulla and the thin connective tissue capsule, presents a granular appearance because of the large number of (glomeruli). Proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules are also located in the cortex in fairly close relation to the glomeruli and many loops of Henle.

urinary system-kidney

BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY
The blood supply to the kidney is much more extensive than the size of the organ would suggest.
 The two renal arteries may carry as much as one-fourth of the total circulating blood. The renal artery enters the hilus of the kidney and divides into a number of relatively large branches, the interloba arteries.
 These pass peripherally between pyramids almost to the cortex, where they bend abruptly and travel in an arched manner, suggesting the name arciform or arcuate arteries.
Each arciform artery gives off a number of interlobular arterioles of tbr glomeruli. Leaving the glomeruli, most of j the efferent arterioles break up into a capillaif j network that surrounds the rest of nephron. Those arterioles leaving glom< close to the medulla travel directly into medulla as arteriae rectae where they capillary networks around the collecting tubules.
Arcuate veins drain blood from both the cortex and medulla, pass through the medulla as interlobar veins, and enter the renal Lymph drains from the kidney to the lymph nodes.
 The kidneys of reptiles and amphibians receive a portion of blood from veins which drain the body wall or hind legs.
This system, the renal system, is not found as such in mammal, pampiniform plexus of veins which mammalian testicle is believed to be remnant of the more primitive renal tern.
The kidneys are supplied with symathetic nerves from the renal plexus, which. follow blood vessels and terminate glomerular arterioles. Branches of the vagus nerve may also supply the kidneys,The success of kidney transplantation suggest the nerves do not have much to do but may only control the blood vessels Both vasoconstrictor and vasodilator nerve in the kidney.

THE URETERS, BLADDER AND URETHRA
The ureter is amuscular tube which conveys urine from the pelvis of the kidney to the bladder.
 Each ureter passes caudally to empty into the bladder near its neck at an area known as the trigont. Which the ureter passes obliquely through the wall of the bladder forms an effective valve to return flow of urine to the kidneyThe urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ that varies in size and position with the amount of urine it contains. The empty bladder is a thick-walled, pear-shaped structure located on the floor of the pelvis. As the bladder fills with urine, the wall become thinner, and most of the bladder is displaced cranially toward or into the abdominal cavity.
 Peritoneum covers a variable amount of the cranial portion of the bladder depending on its fullness. The caudal part of the bladder is covered with pelvic fasciaThe neck of the bladder is continuous with theurethra caudally, and the muscle of the bladder arranged in a circular manner at the neck of the bladder, forming a sphincter that controls passage of urine into the urethra.
The pelvis,ureter. Bladder and urethra all are lined with transitional epithelium. This epithelial lining is useful in these areas where considerable distention of the lumen may occur.
When these organs are empty the lumen is small, walls are thick, and the lining epithelial cells are piled deeply to form stratification. However, when the organ are distended, the lumen is enlarged, the wall are thinner,

 The kidneys are located in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity on each side of the aorta and vena cava just ventral to the
first few lumbar vertebrae