veterinary online

Friday, April 12, 2013

Selection of male and female dormice

When breeding Sonja fan should strive to get their high quality, healthy offspring. To do this, right on time to pick up a male and a female, and prepare them for reproduction. First of all, animals have to be fed, but not fatted. The degree of fatness of animals can be installed in appearance: by feeling and by weighing. As shown, among females too stodgy growing number of dysfunctional labor - more stillbirths and weak calves. Out fed animals bring small litters, pups born typically small, weak and underdeveloped.

Young animals for breeding is best to choose from multiple year old dairy and healthy females. Male and female should have good appearance, shiny coat, with well-defined color and contrast. Only such animals can transmit to posterity good hereditary qualities.

Selection of male and female dormice

Thursday, March 28, 2013

Wildlife and nature conservation, animal in world

Reserves have a very long time. At the dawn of the history of human society existed "sacred" places where hunting is banned, fish catching and logging where animals, birds and fish could safely withdraw offspring. In those days, when hunting and fishing were the most important, and often the only source human existence, from the conservation of protected sites intact well-being depended on, and sometimes just life.

Later, in the era of feudalism, the preserves largely lost its original meaning. In most countries in Europe, Asia and Africa, they have to serve the interests of the rulers or of the church and began to reserves, which protected only certain types of animals. There were many sanctuaries in ancient India, China and Egypt. In the Middle Ages in our country were "custom location "- Bialowieza Forest, where bison protected, and" Seven Islands "in the Murmansk coast, where the protected nesting hunting falcons for the royal hunt.

With the development of capitalism grew indiscriminate deforestation, animals, birds,fish - all natural resources that could bring money. Especially savagely exterminated them in the conquered countries and colonies. Yes, with unprecedented brutality colonizers destroyed the bison in America, elephants, rhinos and antelope in Africa and Asia. One hundred years ago disappeared most forests in Europe were exterminated many species of large animals and birds. This general impoverishment of nature has alarmed scientists, progressive community and government leaders. The emerging movement for the protection of nature. To keep animals in many countries were organized reserves.

One of the first among them was Yellowstone National Park in North America (1872). Behind him were the national parks in Europe, hunting reserves in Asia and Africa, reserves in Russia. Organization of protected areas affect the interests of private landowners, because it was carried out with great difficulty. In Tsarist Russia before the revolution was only a few reserves, mostly private. In capitalist countries, this reason makes their organization now. Often reserves owned by private individuals, companies

Antelopes in the reserve Vars-Kelmes (Kazakh SSR), Wildlife and nature conservation, animal in world

Saturday, March 2, 2013

Common symptoms of arthropods

Common symptoms of arthropods (Arthropoda) - limb, consisting of several segments. Their body is also divided into segments and covered with a strong shell of chitin and calcium carbonate.

Arthropods

ancient animal. The most reliable data on which to judge the origin of certain groups of animals, provide research resources fossils of organisms or their impressions. From Cambrian sediments known crustaceans, some of them are modern troops from the Silurian period known relatives Xiphosura and even scorpions in the Devonian sediments were found remains nohohvostok. Type arthropods includes 13 classes, among which the most well known: Crustaceans (Crustacea) Merostomovye (Merostomata) Arachnids or arachnids (Arachnida). In crustacean body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen.However, this division has various options. For example, biologists distinguish zhabronohyh, copepods, usonohyh and higher crustaceans.

Merostomovye

very ancient marine animals. Present there are only five species. They semicircular tops and long, sharp tail needle (hence their other name - Xiphosura). In the shell are five pairs of walking legs, followed by the gills.

In arachnids body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen. They have four pairs of legs that grow from the cephalothorax. Instead of the typical insect facet eye to eye built as simple points and record only the movement and the difference in illumination. Spiders live mostly on land. Biologists distinguish scorpions, spiders, mites and hay.

Myriapoda

His nadklas have centipedes (Myriapoda). In these animals several segments merged and formed the head capsule. It connected elongated, divided into segments body. Some centipedes are interconnected segments, each provided with a pair of limbs. In other centipedes segments fused in pairs, every segment marked these sit two pairs of legs.

Friday, March 1, 2013

General measures to prevent domestic non-communicable diseases

The basis of prevention of domestic non-communicable diseases are a full feeding, optimal indoor climate, systematic exercise, rational use of chemical and microbiological synthesis, timely monitoring of metabolism and animal health.
Nutritious feeding involves a diet that would ensure the animals in need of energy, major nutrients and biologically active substances.
Many diseases associated with insufficient or excess energy, protein, mineral and vitamin nutrition. The higher productivity of animals, the greater should be the concentration of energy per 1 kg of dry matter intake. Lack of power supply leads to poor absorption of food substances, reproductive disorders, development of malnutrition, reducing the natural resistance of the organism. To eliminate energy deficit in the diets of animals injected cereal concentrates, roots, potatoes, fats of animal and vegetable origin.
Excessive energy food leads to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and other pathologies.With a lack or excess of protein or amino acid composition of inferiority by declining productivity and reproductive function, disturbed metabolism and osteodystrophy develops dystrophy, reduced milk yield (hypogalactition) appear immune disorders, reduced natural resistance, is born defective offspring, increasing incidence ( diarrhea, pneumonia, gastritis, etc.) animals.Eliminate protein deficiency by typing in rations vysokoproteynovyh forage: grain legumes, meal, feed, hay legumes, meat, meat-and-bone or fish meal.

General measures to prevent domestic non-communicable diseases

urinary stones disease cats and dog, Urolithiasis in animal

Urolithiasi

educated urinary stones in kidney tissue, pelvis, bladder or his detention in the lumen of the ureter, urethra. Education urolytov ceased to be subject to the result of disorders that contribute pretsypytatsyy crystals in the urine.

Dogs Urinary Symptoms urinary stones disease

Sunday, February 24, 2013

Fundamentals of general therapy animals

General therapy includes rules and treatments designed to eliminate the causal factors of disease, normalization of metabolism, renewal of the functions of individual organs and systems, productive and reproductive traits of animals.Private therapy combines treatments for specific diseases.Modern therapy based on principles fiziolohichnosti, activity, integrated and cost-effectiveness.

Principle fiziolohichnosti treatment provided primarily creating optimal conditions of feeding and maintenance, the use of diet, use of funds, regulating neurotrophic functions and normalize metabolism.It is necessary that the funds used to treat not suppressed and stimulated and regulated protective physiological response.The principle of active treatment implemented radical elimination of etiological factors, the use of the most efficient tools and treatments. Active therapy is useful only if it is based on the mobilization of the physiological mechanisms by which the body is protected from malicious agents.The principle involves the use of adjuvant therapy based treatment regimens using the methods and means to eliminate external and internal causes of disease, the creation of optimal conditions and feeding animals using causal, pathogenetic, stimulating and other types of therapy.The principle of economic feasibility based on the fact that ultimately treatment of farm animals must be economically justified.

Fundamentals of general therapy animals

Saturday, February 23, 2013

Suture materials and patterns in animal, Suture materials used in veterinary science

Recently the Board of Veterinary Medicine of Virginia revised the practice act to allow Licensed Veterinary Technicians to suture skin incisions and wounds. Technicians are now expected to become competent in this skill. Certainly not every veterinarian will expect technicians to suture, but it is a valuable skill. Be sure to check with the state you practice in, as regulations for each state varies.

Suture materials:

Wounds have been "sutured" for at least 2500 years. In ancient times lacerations were pulled together with hair, leather and small bones. Gut suture (using the intestines of animals) has been used for about 2000 years, and remains popular today. Galen is credited with the first reference to catgut in 175 AD. Natural fibers such as leather, flax, and cotton were improved until synthetic sutures emerged from polymer technology.The perfect suture has not yet been developed. The ideal suture should be:

A) Strong

B) Non-reactive in tissue

C) Non-slipping (hold knots)

D) Easy to handle

E) Inexpensive.

Suture materials have been classified in various ways including:

1)Absorption

2)Construction

3)Composition

4) non-absorbable (remains strong 60 days+)

5) monofilament

6) natural materials

7) absorbable (body will dissolve in <60 days) braided

8) twisted

9) sheathed

10) synthetics

Common sutures used in veterinary medicine

A) Natural products:

includes rarely used products like cotton, linen, and kangaroo tendon, as well as the following:

1) Silk: Silk is produced by silkworms and is non-absorbable

a) A very flexible (limp) suture and has no "memory," considered the easiest to handle of all.

b) Used often in neurology and ophthalmology

2) Chromic gut: Gut made from the intestines of sheep and cattle. It is usually treated with chromic acid to decrease its’ tissue reactivity. Gut comes in various grades depending on the amount of treatment with chromic acid. General information regarding gut sutures:

a) It is very reactive will often cause inflammation at site of use

b) It has a wide range of absorption times (3-40 days) depending upon the amount of treatment with chromic acid.

c) Gut suture is not used to close the skin

d) It is inexpensive compared to other suture.

e) It swells and extra knots are required to prevent slipping of the knot

B) Metal:

Stainless steel (an alloy) is sometimes used in skin to prevent the patient from chewing out the suture line

1) It is non-reactive

2) It is difficult to handle and can cause perforations in gloves

C) Some synthetics:

Very popular for both skin and deep sutures trade name material/source absorption rate use

1) Vetafil / Braunamid :nylon /non-absorbable /skin primarily

2) PDS II:polydioxanone /slow absorption /wide range/skin/eye etc

3) Dexon: polyglyolic acid /absorbable /wide range

4) Vicryl :polyglactin /slow absorption /urinary, intestines

5) Prolene :polypropylene /non-absorbable/ within body cavity

D) Braided versus monofilament suture:

Braided suture may be a nidus of infection, i.e. bacteria may lodge within the braid and become the source of an infection.

E) Sizing and strength of suture materials:

1) 6-0 is "hair-like" used for delicate surgery, i.e. ophthalmology and vascular

2) 2-0 & 3-0 is the most commonly used in small animals

3) 2-0 has an approximate tensile strength of 4 lbs.

4) 1 has an approximate tensile strength of 7.5 lbs.

Relative size of different sutures, Suture materials and patterns in animal

F) Packaging of suture:

1) Most veterinarians now use individually wrapped packages of sterile suture, often with a needle already attached (swaged on).

2) Suture is also supplied on a roll inside a container of sterile preservative. Individual lengths of suture can be cut as needed as needed from the roll.

Suture materials and patterns in animal

3) Suture is also supplied on large bulk rolls (non-sterile) various lengths can be cut, packaged and sterilized.

Suture Needles:

There are over 100 shapes of needles used on different organs or for various procedures. Needles are made of stainless steel and are strong but somewhat flexible and will bend before breaking.Needles are classified by:

A) Shape of needle:

1) Straight

2) Ski or semi-curved, the curve is only at the pointed end of the needle

3) Curved: The curve can range from ¼ to 5/8 circle, the more curved a needle the deeper penetration.

curved a needle, Suture materials and patterns in animal

B) Tip:

The tip determines how the needle will penetrate tissue. Cutting edge needles have three sharp surfaces which, can penetrate and drive through tough tissue (if sharp). Taper needles have rounded bodies and the tip can range from sharp to fairly blunt.

The three main types of needle tips are:

1) Cutting: Cutting edge is TOWARDS the skin margin

cutting, Suture materials and patterns in animal

2) Reverse cutting: cutting edge is AWAY from skin margin

Reverse cutting, Suture materials and patterns in animal

3) Taper: Somewhat blunt tip used on easily penetrated tissue.

reverse cutting edge needles often preferred in areas under pressure (heavy Weight):

hint: Compare the "footprint" of a cutting and reverse cutting needle used to close a incision, look at the base of each footprint closely, which one do you think will have a tendency to cut or pull through tissue?

C) The needle body shape (in cross section) Shapes range from rectangular to round.

D) Eye:

The part of the needle holding the suture

1) Regular or standard, a closed eye, sometimes the suture material is double threaded through the eye so that is doesn’t lip.

2) Spring eye (sometimes termed a French eye): it allows suture to be pulled out with pressure

3) Swaged: The suture is embedded inside the shaft of the needle and creates less drag and tissue trauma and doesn’t slip out of the needle.

E) Sizing of needles: The larger the number the smaller the needle, i.e. #20 needle smaller than #2. (similar to hypodermic needles)

Suture patterns:

There are numerous patterns developed over the years each for a specific use. Veterinarians develop preferences for certain suture patterns, just as they do particular instruments, types of suture and needles. Some of the basic patterns used frequently in veterinary medicine include:

A) Simple interrupted:

This is a "safe" pattern. There is less chance of the suture line breaking since individual stitches are placed. It takes more time to place this pattern since there is an individual knot for each stitch. But if one suture is broken the rest of the line usually holds.

Simple interrupted, Suture materials and patterns in animal

Variations on the interrupted pattern include "tension sutures," which are placed away from the wound edge and hold more weight than regular sutures.

Horizontal mattress, Suture materials and patterns in animal

Vertical mattress, Suture materials and patterns in animal

Tension suture with tubing, Suture materials and patterns in animal

B) Continuous or running pattern:

Continuous or running pattern, Suture materials and patterns in animal

This suture pattern is fast but less secure since there is just one suture used and it is tied or knotted at each end of the closure, if either knot loosens or the suture breaks the entire line is lost.

C) The "hidden" sub-cuticular pattern:

"hidden" sub-cuticular pattern, Suture materials and patterns in animal

This is usually a continuous pattern but an interrupted pattern could be used. It is placed in the dermal and sub-cutaneous layer of skin and is often used in canine castrations or as a strengthening layer below skin sutures.

Knots:

Without secure knots the best suture pattern would be useless. Many surgeons put extra ties or "throws" on their knots, this only takes a second and often insures that the knot will not slip. Common knots used in veterinary practice include:

A) Square knot: Most commonly used knot.

B) Surgeon’s knot : A double loop is placed before the first throw of the traditional square knot is made.

C) Granny knot: This is actually an incorrectly tied square knot. It looks very similar to the square knot, but doesn’t hold as well.

Surgical staples:

Staples are made of stainless steel and are applied using staplers. They have been used for surgical purposes for over 100 years and were invented in Russia. Below are some is some basic information regarding surgical staples.

A) They are uniform, non-reactive, and time saving

B) They are expensive (around a $1.00 each)

C) An extractor needed for removal of staples from the skin

D) They are used most often for long incisions, i.e. equine, orthopedics

Ligating clips:

These can be used in place of internal sutures to "tie off" pedicles (ovarian) or vessels etc. Ligating clips are applied by a special instrument and are stainless steal. They are used internally. They have similar qualities and drawbacks as staples.

Surgical glue or tissue adhesives:

This method of "pulling skin together" has become very popular. Below is some basic information about surgical glue and it’s use.

A) It is used commonly for feline declaws and to close small wounds.

B) The product warning emphasizes not to place adhesive in or on blood because it will not be effective.

C) It dries within seconds and is considered cost effective

D) A trade name product is Nexaband, which was developed for the veterinary market.

Biological coagulants:

These products promote the formation of blood clots and resulting hemostasis. Most come as sterile powders or as sponges. They are used to stop capillary bleeding within body, i.e. liver seepage, tooth removal.

Examples include Gelfoam and Surgicel, which are gelatin and cellulose based products

Suturing Assignment:

The on campus laboratory exercise will include suture practice on inanimate objects. Please practice the interrupted and continuous suture patterns before coming to campus. Many materials will simulate skin edges - felt, leather, and rubber tubing can be sutured. Additionally, you can use oranges, bananas, and tomatoes to simulate skin. To practice tying square knots, get a piece of clothesline-type rope. Practice tying knots, practice your hand ties, and instrument ties with this rope as well.

Your mentor will instruct you as to techniques preferred in your practice, but here are a few things to remember:

1) Skin edges should be evenly opposed, with no inversion or puckers.

2) If stitches are placed too far from the incision site, there will be a "gap" or pucker,

3) If they are placed too close to the edge they are difficult to remove and may pull through the skin.

4) Most suture will cause some inflammation (especially surgical gut) if the suture is placed "tight" a day or two later there will be swelling and discomfort at the site. This can result in the suture line breaking or being chewed out by the patient.

5) Most veterinarians prefer a slightly loose suture to avoid the previous problem.

Wednesday, February 20, 2013

Pregnancy in animals, Diagnosing pregnancy in animal

Pregnancy

the physiological condition of the body females during fruiting, from fertilization to birth or abortion. Pregnant cows (heifers) called pregnant, mares - foals, sheep and goats - suyahnym, pigs - gestation, rabbits - sukrolnosti, bitches - schennymi, cats - kotnoy. There singleton pregnancy - in cows, mares and multiple - in pigs, sheep, rabbits, bitches. Adrift distinguish pregnancy physiological, pathological, and additional false. Duration of pregnancy - the period from fertilization (from last insemination) of females before birth. It depends on the type of animal, maintenance, care and feeding, breed and other factors.

Fruiting period

in cows - from 270 to 310 days in mares - from 320 to 355 days in pigs - from 110 to 120 days in sheep and goats - from 145 to 160 days in rabbits - from 28 to 33 days in females - from 56 to 72 days in cats - from 56 to 60 days. Diagnosis of pregnancy. Determining pregnancy in animals is of great practical importance, which allows to control fertilization and reproduction. Diagnosis of pregnancy in animals conducted clinical, laboratory techniques and using instruments.

cows

Diagnosing pregnancy

Pregnancy in cow

Diagnosing pregnancy in cows consists of internal and external research.External research has refleksolohycheskoho method, inspection, palpation and auscultation. refleksolohycheskyy method is based on the fact that after fertilization of the 14 th to the 30 th day before the cows (heifers) every day or allowed near the bull-probe for 1 - 1.5 hours in a state hunting animals isolated for insemination. No hunting in fertilized females is one of the signs of pregnancy cows (heifers).On examination established asymmetry of the right and left abdominal wall in the second half of pregnancy, when the right abdominal wall protrudes more (fetal position) than the left. Overview spend the morning before feeding.

Palpation

Palpation (probing) of the fetus through the abdominal wall to the right (preferably before feeding) is short and fast shocks fist of his right hand in the iliac region. If a cow (heifer) calf, the detectable solid movable body. This method can be applied no earlier than 5 months of pregnancy.

Pregnancy in cow

Auscultation

listening frequency tones (GHG) fetal heart (normal 120-130 in 1 min) and mother (normal 50 -80 to 1 min) performed in the right iliac region cows with 4 - 5 months of pregnancy.

Internal study consists of vaginal, rectal methods and application ultrasonography (USG). They may hold a veterinary specialist or livestock.

Vaginal method is based on a review of the vagina and cervix using vaginal mirror, which is injected into the vagina cows (heifers). When pregnancy felt dryness of vagina, mucus viscosity, the cervical canal is closed, it is a mucous plug. In nestelnyh animals these signs are absent.Rectal method is based on probing through the rectum anatomical and topographical changes in the uterus, ovaries and nourish these organs vessels. Research conducted from 1 - 2 months pregnancy. In the study to use the glove. Cows and heifers examined in the stall or machine.In nestelnyh cows uterus is located in the pelvic cavity on lonnyh bones. Palpation its horns cut. The uterus has a spherical shape, divided mezhrohovoy groove.In tional cows (heifers), depending on the term of pregnancy in the genitals occurring changes in rectal examination characterized by the following features: the first month of pregnancy horn-plodovmestylysche more than 1.5 times the opposite, there is fluctuation in amniotic fluid (80 - 100 ml).In the second month of calf horn 2 times more neberemennoho, amniotic fluid in the uterus 300 - 500 ml, fluctuation progresses. Mezhrohovaya groove almost smoothed. In the third month of horn-plodovmestylysche increased 4-fold compared to non-pregnant, diameter of 12-15 cm, the amniotic fluid 900-1200 ml fluctuation it is well defined in both corners. In the fourth month promatsuyutsya parts fetus platsentomy size of beans, felt vibration (buzzing) average uterine artery in horn-plodovmestilischa, amniotic fluid 3 - 4 liters. In the fifth month of the uterus is lowered into the peritoneal cavity together with the neck. Platsentomy size of a pigeon's egg or acorn.

Pregnancy in cow

The average uterine artery diameter of 8-10 mm, its vibration increases. Fruit easily detectable. In the sixth month the uterus of the fruit is deep in the abdomen. Platsentomy size of a hen's egg, vibration middle uterine artery horn-plodovmestilischa expressed much the diameter of 10-12 mm. The average uterine artery free horns also vibrates, but weaker than pregnant, its diameter 7 - 9 mm. On the seventh or eighth month well detectable fruit medium severe vibration uterine arteries vibrate both rear uterine artery.For the ninth month of pregnancy characterized by wedging of the fruit in the pelvic cavity, vibration uterine arteries increases, the diameter is 18 - 20 mm. There are harbingers of sorts.

Mares

In mares zherebost determine refleksolohycheskyy, vaginal, rectal methods using ultrasound apparatus, as well as inspection, palpation and auscultation of the abdominal wall of the abdominal cavity. refleksolohycheskyy method used from the 5th day after insemination of mares by stallions test probe.Sample spend up to 20-25th day.On examination comparing contours of left and right halves of the abdominal wall. In foals mares are asymmetrical - the left stands more than the right, in the sixth month zherebosty.

Palpation

Palpation of the fetus carried out in mares left in nizhnepahovoy area using the right hand, pressing his hand. In foals the mares in the abdomen feel the presence of solids (from 5 - 6 months zherebosty).

Pregnancy in mare

Auscultation

listening to fetal heart tones. The frequency of attacks in the fetus should be 130 beats in 1 min, a mare - 20 - 24 strokes in 1 min).In a study of vaginal measured response to the introduction of mares vaginal mirror and ongoing review of vagina and cervical canal. Studies conducted in sterile mirror. In nezhereboho mares mirror easily inserted into the vagina and is easily derived from it. The mucous membrane of the vagina in the normal pale pink and moist. Cervical canal without mucus plug. In foals mares vaginal mucosa and cervix slightly pale, matte, sticky mucus contains gray, mirror inserted and removed from the vagina with difficulty. In a vaginal examination can diagnose 4-8-week zherebost.

Rectal examination

Rectal examination conducted in nursing mares in special machines or in the arena, where you want to fix them securely. The research involves probing the ovaries (from left), uterine horns, body and cervix, uterine ligaments and arteries. When zherebosty in mares in the genitals characteristic changes occur. In the first months of the ovary zherebosty zhereboy horns increased (he luteum), pubescent and not very mobile. Pregnant horn of the uterus and forms a thickened oval bubble the size of a hen's egg, well defined bifurcation horns. In the second month at the base of pregnant horn palpable bladder the size of a goose egg. flyuktuiruet and he dropped outside lonnogo seam, well pronounced asymmetry horns. In the third month of both ovaries lowered to the level of the bottom of the pelvis and close together. Pregnant horn more opposite in 2.5 - 3 times the size of a child's head, flyuktuiruet contains up to 2 liters of amniotic fluid, it detectable fetus. In the fourth month of horn-plodovmestylysche size of an adult human head, hangs in the abdominal cavity and well flyuktuiruet. In the fifth, sixth month of the uterus to the fruit deeply lowered into the abdominal cavity, is well defined vibration middle uterine arteries (diameter of 5 -7 mm). On the seventh or eighth month of the uterus to the fruit is deep in the abdomen, vibration middle uterine arteries both horns increases. At nine or ten months of the fruit easily detectable as it moves in the pelvic cavity, there is a strong vibration (buzzing) secondary uterine and posterior uterine arteries. Eleventh month zherebosty characterized forerunners of childbirth.

Sheep and goats

Suyahnost sheep and goats, swine gestation and diagnosed sukrolnostkrolchih refleksolohycheskyy and external methods, which have the feature for each animal.

Laboratory methods for diagnosis of pregnancy

Laboratory methods for diagnosis of pregnancy is applicable for large and for small animals. These include studies of blood, milk, urine, vaginal and cervical mucus, etc. However, these methods are not widely used in the practice of animal husbandry.Currently using different ultrasonic devices and ultrasound (crawling on the screen), which can be used in large and small animals in early pregnancy, but they are very expensive and require special training.

Friday, February 15, 2013

All Spitz in the house, cage of Spitz

Before purchasing a puppy should prepare a place where he will feel at home. It may just be corner, protected from drafts. Place puppy should not be on the aisle, where it can interfere. Many Spitz, who live in the apartment, very fond of sleeping at the balcony door. If the dog is healthy, she could not prevent it. The litter can be used are sold in pet stores dog baskets, etc., can make their own litter. The main thing is that it can be erased. You can prepare several variables pillowcases to be kept clean. Many Spitz prefer to sleep on the bare floor. In any case, the floor cleaner in your home, the purer your pet's fur.

Spitz in the house

Thursday, February 14, 2013

Types of cows, Most important about cow

Apparently, cows the most important on Earth Pets and farmanimals. They Occur on tour This wild bull lived in meadows and deciduous forests of Europe and Asia. In the XVII century it disappeared.Homemade cows can be divided into two major groups, the one

America cow, Types of cows

is high as hump, withers, in other ce there. Humpback cow called zebu. Frequently they are in South and Southeast Asia,were brought to South America and Africa. They bred and bezhorbyh cows, as well as on other continents.Cows and bulls provide people especially meat and milk.they are used for heavy work. Some breeds are focused on milk production, others - meat. Still others give the meat and milk,and are drawing force. In Europe today, you can hardly seethe bull-drawn cart or plow. But in the Third World bulls still play an important role.Habitat people:highlands or plain, climatic

Europe cow, Types of cows

conditions:the tropics or northern latitude prompted once rights for the withdrawal of different breeds of cows. The most famous breed of cattle in Europe: black, red and white, white, anhelnskaya (Anhlerskaya), Simmental, brown, hintervaldskaya (Black Forest

mountain), red, Charolais, Limousin, hsrefordekaya, Scottish mountain, lonhhornskaya Texas.

Africa cattle, Types of cows

In black and white cow breeds mass reaches 700 kg, and the mass of the bull 1200 kg. Black and white cow gives a year up to 6000 liters of milk.

Russia cow, Types of cows

In Russia, an area which in most cases can hardly be called a mountain, and the more mountainous, the most common dairy Yaroslavl, holmohorskaya, Danish Red, Red Steppe, ostfrizskaya and antelnskaya. Annual milk yield of these cows 3,000 4,000 liter fat at about 4%. By the combination of rocks, that simultaneously gives milk and meat are Kostroma, Simmental,Schwyz, red hill-Kotovskogo shorthornov, red and variegated German.

The cardiovascular system of animals, lymphatic system of animal

Circulatory system consists of three independent parts, closely related topographically and functionally: the circulatory system with a central body - the heart, the lymphatic system, organs hemodialysis and lymphopoiesis.

Circulatory system consists of the heart and the system of blood vessels, which are divided into arteries (blood vessels that carry blood from the heart), veins (blood vessels that carry blood to the heart) and microvasculature.

Heart

Heart, cardiovascular system of animals

Heart (cor, kardia) - the central body of blood and lymph, located in the chest cavity from III to VI-VII ribs inside okoloserdechnoy bag (pericardium). Heart is from 0.4 to 1% of body weight. The wall of the heart consists of three layers: the inner (endocardial), middle (infarction) and outer (epicardial). The shape of the heart is a hollow cone-shaped formation, which distinguish top (downward and back) and the base (directed forward and upward). Heart of a four mammals. At the core are two atria (right and left), and most of the heart ventricle form two (left and right), separated by interventricular septum. The muscular layer of the heart (myocardium) in the atria has two layers of striated muscle, and in the ventricles - five layers. Muscles are attached to a special fibrous skeleton of the heart, from four fibrous rings, two of which are located between the atria and ventricles, and two - at the mouth of arterial vessels. The heart has a special valve apparatus which facilitates unidirectional blood flow. This unit has four valves: two stulkovyh - between the atria and ventricles (right tricuspid, left bicuspid or mitral) and two pockets (crescent) The mouth of blood vessels.

Cardiac muscle is characterized by four features:

1-avtomatyya - the ability to contract rhythmically influenced by impulses arising in the very heart muscle, and possible special thanks to the neuromuscular system, which consists of sinoatrial, atrioventricular node and bundle branch block;

2-excitability - impulse excitation of the stimulus;

3-conductivity - spreading the excitement of sinoatrial node around the heart;

4-contractility - the ability to meet the reduction only to single pulse excitation.

cardiovascular system of animals

Activity of the heart is cyclical. In isolated cardiac cycle during contraction (systole), representing 40% of the duration of the cardiac cycle, and during relaxation (diastole) - 60% of the duration of the cardiac cycle.Minute volume flow, the amount of blood ejected ventricle of the heart (right or left) in 1 min (20-30 l of a horse, cattle up to 35 l in small ruminants to 4 liters in dogs to 1 5 l).

Systolic volume flow, the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle of the heart per systole (calculated as a private in the distribution of minute volume on the number of cuts in 1 min). This rate in horses is 850 ml in cattle - 580 ml, small livestock - 55 ml in dogs - 14-25 ml.

Regulation of the heart is provided by neural and hormonal mechanisms. Neural mechanisms of regulation related to the activity of the autonomic nervous system and the presence of some vessels reflex zones (accumulation of chemo-and pressosensornyh receptors).Hormonal mechanisms regulating hormones made by the adrenal medulla and the thyroid gland, and potassium ions (urezhayut and weaken the heart reduction), calcium (stimulates cardiac contraction) and other chemicals.

Blood vessels

Blood vessels, cardiovascular system of animals

Blood vessels are a system of hollow tubes, which are grouped in two circulation - large and small. Vessel wall consists of three layers: the inner (tunica intima), middle (tunica media) and outer (tunica adventicia). In arterial vessels are well developed middle layer, which contains muscle and elastic components. The venous system is two to three times more volume arterial. The biggest development in venous vessels is the outer shell. Small (functional) circulation begins in the right ventricle of the heart common trunk of the pulmonary artery, which is divided into lung parenchyma network of capillaries that pass in the pulmonary veins, which carry blood to the left atrium. Large (systemic) circulation starting from the left ventricle and is composed of the following vessels: aorta, major arteries, capillaries, main veins that form two venous pool (cranial and caudal hollow veins) that carry blood to the right atrium. Aorta begins arc, which departs from the right brachiocephalic trunk that carries blood to the head, neck and right half of the right thoracic limb. Doug continues caudally in the thoracic, abdominal, and middle sacral median tail artery.

venous, cardiovascular system of animals

Aorta at its very commencement of the coronary arteries supplying the heart. Chairman krovosnabzhaetsya two common carotid artery (arteria carotis communis), each of which is divided into the external carotid artery with numerous branches to the head and of the internal carotid artery for blood supply to the brain. The neck is blood on the branches of the subclavian arteries (right and left), which depart from the aortic arch (right brachiocephalic trunk is an extension). Subclavian arteries going to the extremities as underarm, shoulder and median. From the thoracic and abdominal aorta away parietal artery (supplies the wall cavity) and visceral (supplies the internal organs). In thoracic visceral artery depart within the esophageal-bronchial trunk. In abdominal visceral branches is fraught artery (supplies the stomach, spleen, liver, duodenum), cranial mesenteric artery (supplies the thin section and part of the large intestine), caudal mesenteric artery (supplies the descending portion of the colon and rectum), kidney and adrenal arteries and arteries to the gonads (ovarian in females, males Semennikova). Then abdominal artery divided into external iliac (supplies the pelvic limb) and internal iliac (supplies the pelvic cavity) artery. The external iliac artery should be on pelvic limb (on the thigh is called the femur), then goes into the popliteal, at the lower leg in front bolshebertsovuyu which the foot becomes dorsalnuyu artery of the foot.

Venous system creates two vena cava. Cranial vena cava (v. cava cranialis) collects blood from the head (on the jugular veins), neck and thoracic limbs (branches of the subclavian vein), as well as the chest wall (right azygos vein in dogs and horses).

The left azygos vein in pigs and cattle runs directly into the heart. Caudal vena cava (v. cava caudalis) collects blood from the pelvic cavity (internal iliac veins), pelvic limb (external iliac vein) and paired abdominal organs (kidneys, adrenals, gonads). From odd abdominal organs (the gastrointestinal tract) veins empty into the portal vein, and it is in the liver, which produce excellent vascular network of the liver and liver already cleared of toxic products in the blood of hepatic veins enters the caudal vena cava. The colon is located in the pelvic cavity, so most of the blood from it enters the caudal vena cava, bypassing the liver barrier. This feature is used in the administration of soluble substances through the rectum.

Arterial, cardiovascular system of animals

Arterial and venous part of the circulatory system are connected to each other by elements of the microvasculature, which include arterioles prekapillyarov, capillaries, and venules postkapillyary.These elements provide metabolism between blood and tissue and drainage shall deposit function.The movement of blood through the vessels is due to the work of the heart, the elastic-elastic properties of the arterial wall suction as the chest cavity (it is negative pressure), valvular veins (the folds of the inner layer of the vascular wall) and working muscles. Movement of blood vessels (blood flow) is characterized by parameters such as velocity, blood pressure, rhythmic contraction of the arterial wall (pulse). These parameters correspond to the laws of hydrodynamics (including Bernoulli law, which establishes the relationship between the diameter of the vessel, pressure and velocity). Thus, in the arteries, which have a minimum overall diameter, observed maximum pressure and flow velocity.

Regulation of blood flow is reduced to change the diameter of blood vessels that are in constant tone, and the number of circulating blood. This process involves the autonomic nervous system andcardiovascular reflex zones (nervous regulation), and adrenal hormones, pituitary, kidneys and central nervous system neurotransmitters (substances involved in the transmission of nerve impulses).At rest, about half the mass of blood is in the blood depots: 20% in liver, 16% in spleen and 10% in the subcutaneous tissue.

lymphatic system

lymphatic system, cardiovascular system of animals

The lymphatic system is an auxiliary education venous system of the body and performs the following functions:

1-immune (associated with the activity of lymphocytes), drainage (removal of excess fluid from the tissues);

2-barrier-filtration (delay in lymph node tissues of toxins, bacteria, viruses and foreign particles);

3-transport (transport protein, some vitamins, fat).

The structure of the lymphatic system consists of lymph capillaries, vessels, nodes, collectors, trunks and ducts. Lymph - a colorless transparent liquid, similar in chemical composition to blood plasma. It contains proteins (less than in the blood), nitrogenous substances, glucose, salt, enzymes, hormones, vitamins and antibodies. In lymph no red blood cells and platelets, but it is able to coagulate due to the presence of fibrinogen and several other clotting factors. For lymphatic capillaries typical blind beginning in tissues. Association, they form the lymphatic heart. Lymphatic vessels are equipped with valves (like the valves in the veins), so that they have expansion and contraction. Lymph nodes are bean-shaped form and may be superficial and deep. Group lymph nodes that collect lymph from the total body surface, forming limfotsentr. The most important is limfotsentrami parotid (collects lymph from the brain skull), mandibular (collects lymph from the front of the skull), retropharyngeal (regionarny is for the whole head), superficial and deep neck (collect lymph from the neck), mediastinum (regionarny for thoracic ), axillary (collects lymph from the thoracic limbs), groin (collects lymph from the abdominal wall and pelvic limbs), mesenteric, and abdominal (regional to the abdominal cavity). The major lymphatic collectors have thoracic lymph duct (collects lymph from 3/4 of the body except the right half of the head, neck, right thoracic limb and the right half of the chest wall) right lymphatic duct (collects lymph from the right half of the head, neck, right thoracic limb and the right half of the chest wall). Both ducts open into kranyalnuyu vena cava. Thus the whole lymph collected in kranyalnuyu vena cava. In the process of moving lymph vessels involved but sticks feature thoracic cavity, the pressure difference in the lymph capillaries and ducts, muscles of the body, particularly the diaphragm, rhythmic contraction of lymph vessels and pulsation thoracic duct. Innervated lymph elements sympathetic nerve fibers, and the speed of movement of lymph varies reflex.

lymphatic system, cardiovascular system of animals

Bodies hemo-lymphopoiesis and perform production of blood cells and thus participate in the maintenance of homeostasis and immune response. Stroma for all of this group is reticular tissue and parenchyma - lymphoid tissue. All bodies develop early in the course of individual development and the birth of the animal is already fully formed, but after birth are early involution (regression). Depending on the topography (location), functions and structure of all the organs of hemo-lymphopoiesis and be divided into central and peripheral. In central include bone marrow and thymus (thymus). These bodies formed cells that can differentiate cells own body against foreign (antihennezavisimoe differentiation).They are always located in well-protected areas of the body (bone marrow, thymus in the chest cavity on the chest).In peripheral organs hemo-lymphopoiesis and related lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid formation gastrointestinal (tonsils, Peyyerovyh plaques, solitary follicles of the intestine), respiratory and urinary channels. All these bodies are located towards the possible introduction of infection or passing atypical substances produced in the body.

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Suture materials:

Suture materials have been classified in various ways including:

Common sutures used in veterinary medicine

A) Natural products:

B) Metal:

C) Some synthetics:

D) Braided versus monofilament suture:

E) Sizing and strength of suture materials:

F) Packaging of suture:

Suture Needles:

A) Shape of needle:

B) Tip:

C) The needle body shape (in cross section) Shapes range from rectangular to round.

D) Eye:

Suture patterns:

A) Simple interrupted:

B) Continuous or running pattern:

C) The "hidden" sub-cuticular pattern:

Knots:

Surgical staples:

Ligating clips:

Surgical glue or tissue adhesives:

Biological coagulants:

Suturing Assignment:

Pregnancy

Fruiting period

cows

Diagnosing pregnancy

Palpation

Auscultation

Mares

Palpation

Auscultation

Rectal examination

Sheep and goats

Laboratory methods for diagnosis of pregnancy

Heart

Blood vessels

lymphatic system