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Diabetes in dogs and cats, symptoms, diet, treatment 

The dog was a lot of drinking and urinating it now so common that even at home began to make puddle. (Diabetes, diabetes insipidus.) These symptoms are typical mochepuskannya sugar or diabetes, which is caused by lack of insulin in the body. The occurrence of diabetes are important genetic predisposition, obesity and age. In addition, diabetes can result from mental and physical trauma, diseases of the pancreas, infectious and parasitic diseases. insulin - the hormone of the pancreas - reduces blood sugar levels, delaying the breakdown of glycogen - polysaccharide formed by residues of glucose and thereby increases the use of glucose cells.

Insulin deficiency, Diabetes in dogs and cats

Nervous system of animals, central and peripheral nervous system of animal, spinal canal an animal and sympathetic nervous in animal

The nervous system is one of the leading integrating systems, which carry the interaction and integration of all systems within the whole organism, maintain homeostasis. In addition, the nervous system connects the body with his environment, participating in the process of adaptation. The principle of the nervous system is the doctrine of reflex. 

Nervous system of animals

Endocrine system of animals, Hormones in animals,  Endocrine system of horse, Endocrine system of dog

Endocrine system is represented by a set of heterogeneous structure and origin of formations capable of internal secretion, ie the release of biologically active substances (hormones) that flow directly into the bloodstream.

dog, Types of dogs

About 15 thousand years ago with the wolf got a pet - a dog. In those days, people began to tame and train cubs. Around the end of the last Ice Age wolves were constant companions of man. Subsequently, these new pets learn to perform various tasks for people - to protect the park, spy game and protect the flock. Gradually having different dog breeds. Most of them are designed to perform specific tasks. Some dogs are shepherds, others - hunters. There are dogs - blind assistance dogs, police are dogs that rescue people from avalanches on the water.

Belgian Shepherd tyurvyuren

Genitourinary apparatus represented in the body by excretion and reproductive organs.

kidney 

Selection body consisting of kidney mocheotvodyaschyh ways. Kidneys (ren, nephros) - paired organs located retroperitoneal in lumbar abdominal cavity. Externally they are covered with fat and fibrous capsule. The classification of renal put their location embryonic segments - pochechek, each of which consists of cortical (mocheotdelitelnoy), intermediate (vascular) and brain (mocheotvodyaschyh) zones.The same area has definitive kidney. In cattle kidney grooved in omnivores - smooth mnohososochkovye in solipeds, carnivores and small ruminants - smooth odnososochkovye. Structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which consists of vascular glomeruli surrounded by a capsule (glomerulus and capsule form malpihyevo body, located in the cortical area) of convoluted and straight tubules (straight tubules form the loop of Henle, located in the medulla).Medulla a renal pyramid that ends papilla and papilla, in turn, opens into the renal pelvis.

Kidney-Genitourinary apparatus animals

Renal pelvis is absent only in cattle. The kidneys in the body carry out the following functions: remove from the body products of protein metabolism, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and glucose and regulate blood pH and maintain constant osmotic pressure, remove the body of substances that come from the outside (Fig.).

Urine

Urine is formed in two phases: the filtering and reabsorbtsionnoy. The first phase provided the special conditions of blood flow in the renal glomeruli. The result of this phase is the formation of primary urine (blood plasma without proteins). Out of every 10 liters of blood flowing through the glomerulus, formed 1 l of primary urine. During the second phase of the reverse absorption of water, many salts, glucose, amino acids, etc. Furthermore reuptake in the kidney tubules occurs active secretion. The result is a secondary urine. Out of every 90 liters of primary urine that passes through the tubules, formed a 1 liter recycled urine. Activity kidney regulated autonomic nervous system and cortex (nervous regulation), and pituitary hormones, thyroid and adrenal glands (humoral regulation).

Genitourinary apparatus animals

In the urinary tract include kidney calyx and renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra. Ureter (ureter) lies behind the peritoneum and consists of three parts: abdominal, pelvic and cystic. It opens in the bladder neck between the mucosal and muscle membranes. Urinary bladder (vesica urinaria) located on lonnyh bones (in carnivorous and omnivorous mostly in the abdomen) and consists of tops, directed into the abdominal cavity, the body and the neck, which is directed to the pelvic cavity and a sphincter

Bladder

Bladder-Genitourinary apparatus animals In bladder well developed muscular membrane, which has three layers of muscles. In his position bladder hold three connections: two lateral and one median. Urethra (uretra) has significant sexual characteristics. So, while females have a long and located in the vagina. In males, it is short, as almost immediately merges with sexual straits called the urogenital canal that has considerable length and opens the head of the penis urogenital (urethral) shoot.

Reproductive organs of males and females 

despite the apparent differences, have a common schematic diagram of the structure and consist of gonads, excretory tract and external genitalia (support staff).Output path in the process of development is closely related to the straits of primary buds.

Genitourinary apparatus male

Sex glands

Sex glands in males called semennykami (testis, didymis, orchis), and females - ovary (ovarium, oopharon). In female gonads are located in the abdomen behind the kidneys (in cattle at sacral tubercles), have their own ducts (egg falls directly into the abdominal cavity). Ovarian cyclic activity. In the male sex glands located in a special Grow abdomen - Semennykovoy bag (lying between the thighs or under the anus), have their own excretory duct (straight tubules of the testes). Activity noncyclic testes

Genitourinary apparatus in male

By displays routes in females include: oviducts, uterus, vagina and urinary Eve. Oviduct (oviductus, salpinx, tubae uterina, tubae fallopii) - a body insemination. It consists of a funnel (initial part), capsules (twisted middle part, and in which fertilization occurs) and isthmus (final part). The uterus (uterus, metra, hystera) - fruiting body, vagina (vagina) - organ of copulation, urogenital Eve (vestibulum vaginae) - the body which combined sex and mocheotvodyaschyh way. The uterus has two horns, body and cervix in pets antlered type, located mainly in the abdomen (place fruiting), body and neck with Glady-komyshechnym sphincter (located in the pelvic cavity and cervical canal has). The wall of the uterus consists of three layers: the mucosal (endometrium) - internal muscle (myometrium) - average, serous (perimeter) - external.

Genitourinary apparatus in male

In males to print channels include: straight tubules testes, appendage semennyka, semyaprovod and urinary channel. Appendage semennyka (epididymis) is located on the seed and covered it with a common serous membrane (special vaginal membrane). It has a head, body and tail. Semyaprovod (ductus deferens) starts from the tail of the epididymis and in the spermatic cord enters the abdomen is dorsally from the bladder and goes into the urogenital canal. Urogenital canal has two parts: the pelvic (located at the bottom of the pelvic cavity) and widow (located on the ventral surface of the penis). The initial part of the pelvic portion called Prostate part With deduce straits in males and females associated adventitious gonads. In females it preddverno gland, located in the wall of the urinary vestibule, and in males is prostate or prostate (located in the bladder neck), vesicular glands (located on the side of the bladder in dogs no) and onion (bulbouretralnye) cancer ( located in a place of transition pelvic part of the urogenital canal in widows in no dogs). All subordinate male sex glands open into the pelvic part of the urogenital canal. All organs of the reproductive system of males and females, are located in the abdomen, with their own ripples

External genitalia

Genitourinary apparatus in female

External genitalia in females are called vulvoy and represented sex (embarrassing) lips and clitoris, which originates from the buttocks, and his head is located in the ventral Spike lips. In males, the external genitals include the penis (penis), which also originates from the buttocks and consists of two legs, body and head, covered preputsiya (fold of skin, which consists of two leaves), and Semennykovoy bag, its outer layer called the scrotum. The structure Semennykovoy bag except scrotum include vaginal membrane (peritoneum derivatives and transverse abdominal fascia) and muscle - podnimatel semennyka (derivative of the internal oblique abdominal muscle).

Reproduction (Play)

a biological process that ensures the preservation of the species and increase its size. It is associated with puberty (initiation of the reproductive organs, increased excretion of sex hormones and sexual reflexes appearance).

Mating

Genitourinary apparatus in male

process that manifests itself in the form of genital reflexes: approximation obnimatelnoho reflex erection sovokupytelnoho reflex ejaculation. Centers sexual reflexes are in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord, and their expression affects the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. The hypothalamus regulates the sexual cycle in females.

The sexual cycle 

the complex physiological and morphological changes that occur in the body of a female estrus (or hunting) to another.

dog  Erythrocyte

Life Span

grass and alfalfa to bloom, however, should fed in small quantities. Burkun not fed because contains too much coumarin, which can have a negative impact on blood coagulation.

Early spring gradually begin to feed animals greens. The best thing to mix a small amount of green feed hay.

 Although the rabbit will pull and is mostly stems and leaves, though he eats them very little. If green feed seems not clean, wash it. Do not feed grass that grows near roads and meadows, located near the site of accumulation of cars that emit exhaust gases. 

Until the winter remains fresh Starry. This plant can also withstand negative temperatures several degrees. Rabbits eat this plant happy. Hay and green fodder offered in feeders, closed above an inclined wooden lid that prevents rabbits climb inside.

 If winter and summer there enough green fodder can feed different types meshanok (from different leaves to tsikornoho salad and lettuce). Too many mash-up can cause dyspepsia.

Surgical Pathology, General data on surgical diseases, methods of treatment and prevention

Surgical Pathology, General data on surgical diseases, methods of treatment and prevention

Typically, they are referred to non-communicable diseases character. Surgical diseases are widespread and diverse. Often, their causes are traumatic injuries (open and closed). The most common bumps, sprains, tears, lacerations, bruises, limfoekstravazaty, hernias, wounds, diseases of the joints, tendons, tendon sheaths, bone fractures, diseases of nerves, blood vessels, muscles, and disease hoof kopytets and eyes.Surgical Pathology always accompanied by inflammation. In some cases, clinical signs clearly expressed, in others they are not.

When surgical diseases used surgical and conservative treatment. With conservative treatments deserves special attention pathogenetic therapy, which includes a number of treatments. Among the most common novocaine blockade and physiotherapy.

Surgical Pathology, General data on surgical diseases, methods of treatment and prevention

Female genitalia

The external female genitalia (vulva) include the labia , urogenital eve of the vagina, clitoris. The internal female reproductive organs include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Veterinary Dictionary, veterinary online

Veterinary Dictionary, veterinary online

Aspects of general management function that determine the quality policy, including liability.Within a single administrative management system is carried out by quality planning, quality control and quality assurance.

History of virology

Counting the history of virology should be conducted on February 12, 1892, when D.Y.Yvanovskyy told the Academy of Sciences of the opening of the pathogen "tobacco mosaic." Interest in virology growing with the opening of oncogenic viruses (1911) and bacteriophages, when foundations culturing viruses.

Viruses

The methods of clinical investigation include inspection, observation, palpation, percussion, auscultation and thermometry. They are divided into instrumental (using instruments, tools and devices); laboratory (biochemical, microscopic, bacteriological, serological, virological, etc.), morphological, radiographic, fluorography, etc.

veterinary practice cardiac shock

Observing the behavior of leading animal during grazing, watering, recreation, separating sick animals - those who have fallen, with decreased appetite. Seen from the point condition hair, damage skin, organs of vision and hearing, and present condition of the extremities.Palpation (feeling) - a method of research in which the help of hands determine the pulse, skin, bones and joints, lymph nodes, etc.

There palpation surface that can be used to determine the quality of cardiac shock, pain response and skin temperature, and deep, which is used in the study of the abdomen (stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, kidneys). Varieties deep palpation is penetrating and Tolchkoobrazno. Penetrating palpation hold vertically posed fingers at a constant, but a strong pressure on the limited place. It is possible to determine the frequency and strength reduction rumen consistency of its contents, etc. Tolchkoobrazno palpation is short bounces, applied with fingers, palm or fist (used in the study grid, spleen, liver, establishing pregnancy, etc.).

Percussion perform certain parts of the body to determine the position and topography of.There are direct and mediocre percussion.Direct percussion is short shots slightly bent fingers across the study area, where it is necessary to obtain not only sound, but also tangible impression.

In veterinary practice percussion usually carried out by plessimetra and perkussyonnoho hammer. It can successfully determine the localization of damage. Pathological changes in organs and tissues of percussion can be found at a depth of 7.6 cm

auscultation sounds that occur in organs or cavities (thoracic, abdominal). These sounds reflect the heart, respiratory system, motility stomach, intestines and can be fixed directly to the ear or using phonendoscope or stethoscope.